1986 Cerritos mid-air collision

Aeroméxico Flight 498
Piper PA-28-181 Archer N4891F

The DC-9 missing its horizontal stabilizer as a result of the collision, plummeting into Cerritos
Accident
Date	August 31, 1986
Summary	Midair collision
Site	Cerritos, California, U.S.
Total fatalities	82 (including 15 on ground)
Total injuries	8 (on ground)
Total survivors	0
First aircraft
An Aeroméxico DC-9, similar to the aircraft involved in the accident
Type	McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32
Name	Hermosillo
Operator	Aeroméxico
Registration	XA-JED[1]
Flight origin	Mexico City International Airport Mexico City, Mexico
1st stopover	Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
2nd stopover	Loreto International Airport Loreto, Baja California Sur
Last stopover	General Abelardo L. Rodríguez International Airport Tijuana, Baja California
Destination	Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Passengers	58
Crew	6
Fatalities	64
Survivors	0
Second aircraft
A Piper PA-28-181 Archer, similar to the aircraft involved in the accident
Type	Piper PA-28-181 Archer
Operator	Private
Registration	N4891F[2]
Flight origin	Zamperini Field Torrance, California
Destination	Big Bear City Airport Big Bear Lake, California
Passengers	2
Crew	1
Fatalities	3
Survivors	0

The 1986 Cerritos midair collision was a plane crash that occurred in southern California over the Los Angeles suburb of Cerritos on Sunday, August 31, 1986.^[3] Aeroméxico Flight 498, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9, was clipped in the tail section by N4891F, a Piper PA-28-181 Archer owned by the Kramer family, while descending into Los Angeles International Airport, killing all 67 on both aircraft and an additional fifteen on the ground. Eight on the ground also sustained minor injuries from the midday crash.

Blame was allocated equally between the Federal Aviation Administration and the pilot of the Piper. No fault was found with the DC-9 or the actions of its crew.

Aircraft

The larger aircraft involved, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 with tail number XA-JED^[4] named Hermosillo, was delivered in April 1969 to Delta Air Lines as N1277L before entering into service with Aeroméxico^[5] in November 1979. It was en route from Mexico City to Los Angeles International Airport (with intermediate stops in Guadalajara, Loreto, and Tijuana).^[6]

N4891F was a privately operated Piper PA-28-181 Archer owned by the Kramer family, which was en route from Torrance to Big Bear City, California. The Piper aircraft, with pilot William Kramer (age 53) and two passengers aboard (wife Kathleen, 51, and daughter Caroline, 26), had departed Torrance around 11:40 am PDT. Kramer had 231 flight hours and had moved to southern California within the last year from Spokane, Washington.^[7]

The cockpit crew of Flight 498 consisted of Captain Arturo Valdes Prom, age 46, and First Officer Jose Hector Valencia, age 26. The captain had 4,632 hours of flying experience in the DC-9 (technically referred to in an accident report as "in-type") and a total of 10,641 flight hours. The first officer had flown 1,463 hours in total, of which 1,245 hours had been accumulated in-type.

Accident summary

On Sunday, August 31, 1986, at approximately 11:46 am PDT, Flight 498 began its initial descent into Los Angeles with 58 passengers and six crew members on board. At 11:52 am, the Piper's engine collided with the left horizontal stabilizer of the DC-9, shearing off the top of the Piper's cockpit and decapitating Kramer and both of his passengers.^[8] The heavily damaged Piper fell onto an empty playground at Cerritos Elementary School.^[9][10]

The DC-9, with all of its horizontal stabilizer and most of its vertical stabilizer torn off, inverted and immediately entered into a dive. It slammed into a residential neighborhood at Holmes Avenue and Reva Circle in Cerritos, crashing into a house at what is today 17915 Holmes Avenue, exploding on impact. The explosion scattered the DC-9's wreckage across Holmes Avenue and onto Carmenita Road, destroying four other houses and damaging seven more.^[11] All 64 passengers and crew on board the jetliner were killed, as well as fifteen people on the ground.^[8] A fire sparked by the crash contributed significantly to the damage.

Passengers and crew

Nationality	Passengers	Crew	Total
Colombia	1	0	1
El Salvador	1	0	1
Mexico	20	5	25
United States	36	1	37
Total	58	6	64

Thirty-six of the passengers were citizens of the United States. Of the twenty Mexican citizens, eleven lived in the United States and nine lived in Mexico. The Salvadoran citizen lived in the Bay Shore area of the town of Islip, in Suffolk County, New York. Ten of the passengers were children.^[12]

Of the passengers and crew on the Tijuana–Los Angeles leg of the flight:^[13]

• Two passengers and six crew members boarded in Mexico City.
• Six boarded in Guadalajara.
• Thirty-one boarded at Loreto Airport.
• Nineteen boarded in Tijuana.

Investigation and aftermath

An annotated aerial view of the Aeroméxico DC-9 crash site

The National Transportation Safety Board investigation found that the Piper had entered the Los Angeles Terminal Control Area airspace without the required clearance. The TCA included a triangular slab of airspace from 6,000 to 7,000 feet (1,800 to 2,100 m) altitude, reaching south to 33°42′50″N 118°00′25″W / 33.714°N 118.007°W / 33.714; -118.007, across the Piper's intended flight path. The Piper could legally fly beneath this airspace without contacting air traffic controllers, but instead climbed into the TCA. The air traffic controller had been distracted by another unauthorized private flight – a Grumman AA-5 Tiger – entering the TCA directly north of the airfield, that also did not have clearance.

The Piper was not (and was not then required to be) equipped with a Mode C transponder, which would have indicated its altitude, and LAX had not been equipped with automatic warning systems. Apparently, neither attempted any evasive maneuvers because neither pilot sighted the other aircraft, though they were in visual range. When an autopsy revealed significant arterial blockage in the heart of the Piper's pilot, public speculation existed that Kramer had suffered a heart attack, causing incapacitation and contributing to the collision;^[14] further forensic evidence discounted this, and error on Kramer's part was determined to be the main contributing factor to the collision.^[8]

As a result of this accident and other near midair collisions (NMAC) in terminal control areas, the Federal Aviation Administration required that all jets in US airspace be equipped with a traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS), and required that light aircraft operating in dense airspaces be equipped with Mode C transponders, which can report their altitude.^[15]

A jury ruled that the DC-9 bore no fault, instead deciding that Kramer and the FAA each acted equally negligently and had equal responsibility.^[16] U.S. District Judge David Kenyon agreed with the notion that the FAA shared responsibility. Federal Air Regulations 14 CFR 91.113 (b) require pilots of all aircraft to maintain vigilance to "see and avoid"^[17] other aircraft that might be on conflicting flight paths. The relative positions of both aircraft at the moment of collision showed no sign of any attempt at avoidance maneuvering by either aircraft.

One of the lawsuits involving victims on the ground had the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit apply the Supreme Court of California's ruling in Thing v. La Chusa to extend recovery for negligent infliction of emotional distress to Theresa Estrada, whose husband and two of four children were among the 15 on the ground killed in the crash. Although she did not witness the crash (which was a major requirement for recovery under Thing), she returned minutes after to witness the home consumed by fire and surrounded by burning homes, cars, and aircraft debris. In a separate trial on damages, the Estrada family was awarded a total of $868,263 in economic damages and $4.7 million in noneconomic damages, including $1 million for the negligent infliction of emotional distress.^[18]

The flight number has been put back into service.^[19] Flight number 498 is now the flight from Mexico City International Airport to McCarran International Airport via Monterrey International Airport using an Embraer 190 operated by Aeromexico’s subsidiary Aeromexico Connect.

In popular culture

The Discovery Channel Canada/National Geographic television series Mayday featured the accident in a season 4 episode titled Out of Sight.^[20] The accident was featured again during Mayday season 8, in an episode titled System Breakdown.^[21]

The accident was featured on UK television channel "Quest" on July 16, 2014.

The program Plane Crashes That Changed Flying linked the advance of automatic collision warning and avoidance systems to various aircraft disasters, including the Cerritos collision.

A similar accident is seen in the Breaking Bad episode "ABQ". Coincidentally, the air-traffic controller in the real-life accident was named Walter White, the same name as the main character of Breaking Bad.^[22][23][24]

Memorial

The Cerritos Air Disaster Memorial in the Cerritos Sculpture Garden

On March 11, 2006, the City of Cerritos dedicated a new sculpture garden featuring a memorial to the victims of the accident.^[25] The sculpture, designed by Kathleen Caricof,^[26] consists of three pieces. One piece, which resembles a wing, commemorates all the victims who perished aboard the Aeroméxico jet and the Piper. A similar, but smaller and darker wing, commemorates all the victims who perished on the ground. Each wing rests on a pedestal that lists the respective victims in alphabetical order. In front of the memorial lies a bench, which commemorates all victims and allows visitors to sit and reflect on the disaster.^[27]

Gallery

• 
  NTSB drawing portraying approximate point of impact
• 
  Closeup of the names of the victims
• 
  Dedication plaque of the Air Disaster Memorial at the base of the bench

See also

• TWA Flight 553, a similar crash that occurred near Urbana, Ohio, involved a new DC-9 and a small plane, which occurred in 1967.
• Piedmont Airlines Flight 22, a similar crash that occurred with a 727 involved in Hendersonville, North Carolina, in 1967
• Allegheny Airlines Flight 853, a similar crash that occurred also with a DC-9 involved in Fairland, Indiana, in 1969
• PSA Flight 182, a similar midair collision that occurred with a Boeing 727 and a Cessna 172 in San Diego, California, in 1978
• Proteus Airlines Flight 706, a similar midair collision that occurred with a Beechcraft King Air and a Cessna 177 Cardinal over Quiberon Bay, Brittany, France in 1998

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aeroméxico Flight 498.

• NTSB.gov, Brief of Accident, NTSB, adopted March 7, 1988
• AOPA.org, Collision Over Cerritos, Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association
• NYtimes.com, California Jet Crash Led to Sweeping Changes The New York Times
• Story Of Cerritos – Chapter 8 (Aeroméxico Flight 498)
• Collision in the "Birdcage"
• DC 9 Crashes in Cerritos Residential Area.
• Landmark Accidents: Collision Over Cerritos
• Out of Sight – Aeromexico Flight 498
• Accident details at airdisaster.com
• Pre-crash photo of the airliner at airliners.net
• Aircraft details at Aviation Safety Network
• Microfiche Details at AirFlightDisaster
• NTSB Safety Recommendation Letter

Coordinates: 33°52′05″N 118°02′44″W / 33.86806°N 118.04556°W / 33.86806; -118.04556