1937 Fox vault fire

1937 Fox vault fire
Map of the area involved in the fire
Date July 9, 1937
Location Little Ferry, New Jersey, U.S.
Cause Nitrate film fire
Outcome Destruction of archived Fox Film Corporation and Educational Pictures silent films
Deaths 1
Non-fatal injuries 2

On July 9, 1937, a major fire broke out in a 20th Century-Fox film storage facility in Little Ferry, New Jersey, United States. It was caused by the spontaneous combustion of nitrate film stored in inadequately ventilated vaults. The fire resulted in one death and two injuries, and destroyed all of the film in the vault.

This fire was responsible for the loss of most of the silent films produced by Fox Film Corporation before 1932. Also destroyed were Educational Pictures negatives and films of several other studios. It brought attention to the potential for decaying nitrate film to spontaneously ignite, and changed the focus of film preservation efforts to include a greater focus on fire safety.

Background

Nitrate film

The early motion-picture industry primarily used nitrocellulose film stock, commonly called nitrate film. This film is flammable, and produces its own oxygen supply as it burns. Nitrate fires burn rapidly, and cannot typically be extinguished, capable of burning even under water. Additionally, nitrocellulose is subject to thermal decomposition and hydrolysis, breaking down over time in the presence of high temperatures and moisture. This decaying film stock releases nitrogen oxides that themselves contribute to the decay and make the damaged film burn more easily. Under the right conditions, nitrate film can even spontaneously combust. In part because of substantial variability in the manufacturing of early film, considerable uncertainty exists about the circumstances necessary for self-ignition.[1] Sustained temperatures of 106 °F (41 °C) or higher, large quantities of nitrate film, increased humidity, poor ventilation, and aged or decaying film have all been considered risk factors. Most such fires in film archives have taken place in heat waves during summer months, in closed facilities with limited ventilation, exacerbating several of these variables. Especially in confined areas, such fires can result in explosions.[2]

Large and dangerous fires sometimes resulted. On May 4, 1897, one of the first major fires involving nitrate film began when a Lumière projector caught fire at the Bazar de la Charité in Paris; the resulting blaze caused 126 deaths. In the United States, a series of fires occurred at industry facilities. The Lubin Manufacturing Company's vault in Philadelphia exploded on June 13, 1914, followed on December 9 by a fire that destroyed Thomas Edison's laboratory complex in West Orange, New Jersey.[lower-alpha 1] The New York studio of the Famous Players Film Company burned in September 1915;[3] in July 1920, the shipping facility of its corporate successor, Famous Players-Lasky, was destroyed by a fire in Kansas City, Missouri, despite construction intended to minimize that risk.[4][5] The United Film Ad Service vault, also in Kansas City, burned on August 4, 1928, and a fire was reported at Pathé Exchange nine days later. In October 1929, the Consolidated Film Industries facility was badly damaged by a nitrate fire.[6][7] Spontaneous combustion was not proven to have occurred in any of these fires; the potential of nitrate film to self-ignite possibly was not even recognized before 1933.[1]

Little Ferry

When Little Ferry, New Jersey, contractor William Fehrs was hired to construct a film storage facility in 1934, he designed the structure to be fireproof. The building had 12-inch (30 cm) outer walls and a reinforced concrete roof. Internally, it was divided into 42 individual vaults,[8] each enclosed behind a steel door and separated with 8-inch (20 cm) brick interior walls.[9] The local fire department confirmed Fehrs's fireproofing.[10] Despite the potential for fire, the facility was located in a residential neighborhood, and was equipped with neither a fire sprinkler system nor mechanical ventilation.[8][9]

Film processing company DeLuxe Laboratories owned the building,[11] and rented it to 20th Century-Fox to store the silent films acquired from Fox Film Corporation during the merger.[12]

Fire

A badly burned house
Damage to 361 Main, the residence closest to the vaults, with 375 Main in the background

Northern New Jersey experienced a heat wave in July 1937, with daytime temperatures of 100 °F (38 °C) and warm nights. The sustained heat contributed to nitrate decomposition in the film vaults, and the building's ventilation was inadequate to prevent a dangerous buildup of gases. At some time shortly after 2:00 am on July 9, spontaneous ignition occurred in the vault at the building's northwest corner.[9] Local truckdriver Robert Davison observed flames coming from one of the structure's window vents, and within five minutes, used a municipal fire alarm call box to report the fire.[9][10]

Davison then attempted to awaken the residents of the surrounding houses, many of whom were already alerted to the situation by the noise and intense heat.[9][10] As decomposition gases in additional vaults ignited, bursts of fire shot over 100 feet (30 m) horizontally across the ground from the windows, and a similar distance into the air from the building's roof vents.[9][12] Anna Greeves and her two sons, John and Charles,[10] were caught in one such "sheet of flame" while attempting to flee the area. All three were seriously burned; 13-year-old Charles eventually died from his injuries on July 19.[9] Other area families were able to escape unharmed as the fire spread to five neighboring residences and destroyed two vehicles.[10][13]

Little Ferry firefighters first arrived at 2:26 am, followed by additional companies from Hawthorne, Ridgefield Park, River Edge, and South Hackensack.[9][10] Despite 150 men employing 14 hose streams, the fire was not extinguished until 5:30 am.[9]

Property damage was estimated at $150,000–200,000.[lower-alpha 2][9][13] All of the film in the facility was destroyed; more than 40,000 reels of negatives and film prints burned to ashes inside their film cans.[8][9] Fifty-seven truckloads of burned film were hauled from the site to have their silver content extracted. Each can contained about five cents' worth of silver;[12] the salvaged metal returned $2,000.[lower-alpha 3][8]

Legacy

A fire-damaged building with a pile of ruined film cans
After the fire, piles of film cans awaiting removal for silver reclamation

Although 20th Century Fox officials at the time remarked that "only old films" were destroyed,[13] the 1937 Fox vault fire is now understood as a significant loss of American film heritage. Film historian Anthony Slide called the destruction of the Fox vault "the most tragic" American nitrate fire.[12] The highest-quality examples of every Fox film produced prior to 1932 were destroyed.[8] Although copies located elsewhere allowed some of these films to survive, mostly as lower-quality prints or mere fragments of film, more than 75% of Fox's feature films from before 1930 are completely lost.[14] Total or near total losses occurred for many Fox performers including Theda Bara, Valeska Suratt, William Farnum, George Walsh, and notorious celebutante performer Evelyn Nesbit, who made roughly a dozen films for the studio. As he had moved to Fox in 1918, much of Tom Mix's material was also lost. The Little Ferry vaults also held works by other film studios which had contracted with Fox for distribution. Educational Pictures had more than 2,000 negatives and prints destroyed, including the negatives of Buster Keaton's silent films with the company.[11][15] Also present was the original negative of D. W. Griffith's Way Down East (which Fox had purchased with the intent of remaking),[8] the negative for the controversial Christie Productions sponsored film The Birth of a Baby,[16] and films by smaller studios such as Atherton Productions, Peck's Bad Boy Corporation, Principal Pictures, and Serial Producing.[17] Archival material intended for the Museum of Modern Art's Film Library was lost, as well.[18]

The destruction of the Little Ferry facility spurred an interest in fire safety as an aspect of film preservation.[1] Unlike previous large nitrate-film fires, the spontaneous combustion of decomposing film stock was determined to be responsible. Investigators suggested that the older nitrocellulose film stored in the archive was of lower quality than then-current film, thus more prone to instability.[1] The Society of Motion Picture Engineers's Committee on Preservation of Film, three months after the vault fire, cited "recent and rather extensive film fires" as evidence that existing preservation efforts had failed to adequately address the "fire problem".[19] More heavily reinforced film vaults were suggested, to prevent fires in a single vault from destroying entire archival facilities. Film storage cabinets with ventilation and cooling systems were also proposed, as was further research into improving the quality of cellulose acetate film to encourage its use as a safer replacement for nitrate film.[20][21]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ now the site of the Thomas Edison National Historical Park
  2. ↑ approximately $2.55 million – 3.4 million in 2017 dollars
  3. ↑ about $34 thousand in 2017 dollars

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Heckman, Heather (2010). "Burn After Viewing, or, Fire in the Vaults: Nitrate Decomposition and Combustibility". American Archivist. 73 (2): 483–506.
  2. ↑ Hudson, M. C.; MacLaren, Robert (1979-08-31). Nitrate Film Testing for the National Archives: December 1978 Fire Investigation (Report). Naval Ordnance Station, Indian Head, Maryland. NOS-IHTR-567.
  3. ↑ "Players' Film Fire Lessons". The Weekly Underwriter. 93 (18): 562. 1915-10-30.
  4. ↑ "Fire Losses of the Week". Fire and Water Engineering. 68 (5): 252. 1920-08-04.
  5. ↑ Scanlan, Ernest A. (1920-08-25). "Film Fire in 12-Story Kansas City Building". Fire and Water Engineering. 68 (8): 401, 403.
  6. ↑ Slide 2000, pp. 11–13.
  7. ↑ "Crafting a New Exhibit: Edison's Fire Companies and the Great Fire of 1914". Thomas Edison National Historical Park. 2013-09-08. Retrieved 2015-01-27.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pierce, David (1997). "The Legion of the Condemned — Why American Silent Films Perished". Film History. 9 (1): 5–22.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Fox Film Storage Fire". Quarterly of the National Fire Protection Agency. 31 (2): 136–142. 1937.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "$45,000 fire drives families from homes in Little Ferry". Bergen Evening Record: 1. 1937-07-09. Reprinted in Koszarski, Richard (2005). Fort Lee: The Film Town (1904–2004). Indiana University Press. pp. 339–341. ISBN 978-0-86196-652-3.
  11. 1 2 "Trustee Asks $500,000 For Films Lost in Fire". The Film Daily. 79 (66): 2. 1941-04-04.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Slide 2000, p. 13.
  13. 1 2 3 "Fox N. J. Film Storage Plant Swept by Flames". The Film Daily. 72 (8): 2. 1937-07-10.
  14. ↑ Solomon 2011, p. 1.
  15. ↑ Neibaur 2010, p. 80.
  16. ↑ "'Life' Banned for "Birth of a Baby" Pictures". Motion Picture Herald. 131 (3): 18. 1938-04-16.
  17. ↑ "Fire Loss Action". Motion Picture Herald. 139 (2): 55. 1940-04-13.
  18. ↑ Koszarski 2005, p. 339.
  19. ↑ "Report of the Committee on Preservation of Film". Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers. 30 (3): 300–302. 1938.
  20. ↑ Bradley, John G. (1938). "Changing Aspects of the Film-Storage Problem". Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers. 30 (3): 303–317.
  21. ↑ Maines 2013, p. 66.

Bibliography

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  • Koszarski, Richard (2005). Fort Lee: The Film Town (1904–2004). Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-86196-652-3.
  • Maines, Rachel (2013). Asbestos and Fire: Technological Tradeoffs and the Body at Risk. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-6472-2.
  • Neibaur, James L. (2010). The Fall of Buster Keaton: His Films for MGM, Educational Pictures, and Columbia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7682-8.
  • Slide, Anthony (2000). Nitrate Won't Wait: A History of Film Preservation in the United States. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0836-8.
  • Solomon, Aubrey (2011). The Fox Film Corporation, 1915–1935: A History and Filmography. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-6286-5.

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