1933 in science

The year 1933 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

• October 13 – The British Interplanetary Society is founded.
• Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky invent the concept of the neutron star, a new type of celestial object, suggesting that supernovae might be created by the collapse of a normal star to form a neutron star.
• Sir Arthur Eddington publishes The Expanding Universe: Astronomy's 'Great Debate', 1900–1931 in Cambridge.
• Fritz Zwicky postulates the existence of dark matter.^[1]

Chemistry

• Gilbert N. Lewis isolates the first sample of pure heavy water by electrolysis.^[2]

Earth sciences

• March 10 – Long Beach earthquake in Southern California: First recording of earthquake strong ground motions by an accelerograph network, installed in 1932 by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Mathematics

• Andrey Kolmogorov publishes Foundations of the Theory of Probability, laying the modern axiomatic foundations of probability theory.^[3]
• David Champernowne, while still a Cambridge undergraduate, publishes his work on the Champernowne constant in real numbers.^[4][5]
• Alfréd Haar introduces Haar measure.^[6]
• Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson publish the Neyman–Pearson lemma.^[7]
• Stanley Skewes discovers Skewes' number.^[8]

Medicine

• July 14 – Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring enacted in Nazi Germany^[9] allowing compulsory sterilization of citizens suffering from a list of alleged genetic disorders.
• Manfred Sakel begins to practice insulin shock therapy on psychiatric patients in Vienna.^[10]

Physics

• September 12 – Leó Szilárd, waiting for a red light on Southampton Row in Bloomsbury (London), conceives the idea of the nuclear chain reaction.
• Date unknown - German physicists Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered the Meissner effect in 1933 by measuring the magnetic field distribution outside superconducting tin and lead samples.

Technology

• June – A research group at RCA headed by Vladimir K. Zworykin publicly launches the iconoscope, the first practical cathode ray tube television camera.^{[11][12][13][14]}

Organizations

• Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) first opens to the public, as part of the Century of Progress Exposition.
• The Institute for Advanced Study opens at Princeton, New Jersey, attracting Albert Einstein, John von Neumann and Kurt Gödel.
• Sheffield Trades Historical Society (later South Yorkshire Industrial History Society) established in England.

Births

• January 6 – Oleg Makarov (died 2003), Soviet cosmonaut.
• March 9 – David Weatherall, English molecular geneticist.
• March 10 – Patricia Bergquist (died 2009), New Zealand scientist specializing in anatomy and taxonomy.
• March 23 – Philip Zimbardo, American social psychologist.
• April 14 – Yuri Oganessian, Russian nuclear physicist.
• July 9 – Oliver Sacks (died 2015), English-born neurologist.
• July 12 – Max Birnstiel (died 2014), Swiss molecular biologist.
• August 10 – Ed Posner (died 1993), American mathematician.
• August 15 – Stanley Milgram (died 1984), American social psychologist.
• September 6 – Juliet Clutton-Brock (died 2015), English zooarchaeologist.
• September 10 – Yevgeny Khrunov (died 2000), Soviet cosmonaut.
• September 26 – Charles C. Conley (died 1984), American mathematician specializing in dynamical systems.
• October 2 – Sir John Gurdon, English developmental biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• October 9 – Sir Peter Mansfield (died 2017), English physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• November 1 – Dijen K. Ray-Chaudhuri, Bengali-born mathematician.
• November 4 – Sir Charles K. Kao (died 2018), Chinese electrical engineer and physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
• December 22 – Thomas Stockham (died 2004), American electrical engineer and inventor
• December 23 – Akihito, ichthyologist and Emperor of Japan.

Deaths

• May 22 – Sándor Ferenczi (died 1873), Hungarian psychoanalyst.
• June 14 – Ernest William Moir (born 1862), British civil engineer.
• September 25 – Paul Ehrenfest (born 1880), Austrian physicist and mathematician.
• December 8 – John Joly (born 1857), Irish physicist.

References