Vaal–Orange language

Vaal–Orange
Seroa
Region South Africa, Lesotho
Extinct 20th century
Tuu
  • ǃKwi
    • Vaal–Orange
Dialects
  • ǂUngkue
  • ǁŨǁ’e
Language codes
ISO 639-3 Either:
gku – ǂUngkue
kqu – Seroa (partial: ǁŨǁ’e)
Glottolog kuee1238  ||Ku||e[1]
vaal1235  Vaal–Orange[2]

Vaal–Orange, also known as Seroa, is an extinct ǃKwi language of South Africa and Lesotho. It comprised the ǂUngkue dialect (also rendered ǂKunkwe) of the Warrenton area, recorded by Carl Meinhof, and the ǁŨǁ’e dialect (also rendered ǁKu-ǁ’e or ǁKuǁe),[3] spoken near Theunissen and Bethany in South Africa and into Lesotho, recorded by Dorothea Bleek.[4]

The name "Vaal–Orange" comes from the Vaal and Orange Rivers, which converge where ǂUngkue dialect was spoken. Seroa is the Sesotho name, literally "language of the Baroa (Bushmen)".

Like ǀXam, ǂUngkue used 'inclusory' pronouns for compound subjects:

ǃhoetinankoronantuēna‖’a
lionandjackalandostrichthey?PASTgo
'The lion and jackal and ostrich, they went'. (Meinhof 1929)

References

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "||Ku||e". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Vaal–Orange". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. ↑ Distinguish ǁNg ǃ’e, a form of Nǁng, and Nǀhuǁéi, which is a variety of Taa.
  4. ↑ Tom Güldemann (2011) "The Lower Nossob varieties of Tuu: ǃUi, Taa or neither?"


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