Flora of New York/Fagales

← Cucurbitales	Flora of New York — Fagales				→ Geraniales
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The order Fagales is part of the nitrogen-fixing clade:

nitrogen‑fixing clade

Fabales

Rosales

Cucurbitales

Fagales

Fagaceae (beech family: oak, chestnut, and beech)

	Myricaceae (bayberry family: sweet-fern and bayberry)

	Juglandaceae (walnut family: walnut and hickory)

Betulaceae (birch family: alder, birch, hornbeam, and hazelnut)

However, the vast majority of species able to form nitrogen-fixing root nodules are in the Fabaceae (legume family). In the Fagales, only the Myricaceae (bayberry family) and Alnus (alder) species are able to fix nitrogen.

Fagales species primarily take the form of trees. They have also been placed in the Juglandales.

Order	Family	Subfamily	Tribe	Genus	Common names		#
Fagales	Fagaceae	Quercoideae	Querceae	Quercus	oak	white oak	15
			Querceae	Quercus	oak	red oak	16
			Castaneeae	Castanea	chestnut		4
		Fagoideae	—	Fagus	beech		2
	Myricaceae	—	—	Comptonia	sweetfern		1
				Myrica	sweetgale		1
				Morella	bayberry		2
	Juglandaceae	Juglandoideae	Juglandeae	Juglans	walnut, butternut		3
	Juglandaceae	Juglandoideae	Caryeae	Carya	hickory		8
	Betulaceae	Betuloideae	—	Alnus	alder		5
		Betuloideae	—	Betula	birch		15
		Coryloideae	Carpineae	Carpinus	hornbeam		3
			Carpineae	Ostrya	hop hornbean		1
			Coryleae	Corylus	hazelnut		3

Family Fagaceae

The Fagaceae (beech family) ...^[1]^[2]

↑ Fagaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Paul S. Manos, Zhe-Kun Zhou, and Charles H. Cannon (2001). "Systematics of Fagaceae: Phylogenic Test of Reproductive Trait Evolution". International Journal of Plant Sciences 162(6): 1361–1379. http://www.ecologicalevolution.org/content/pdf/manos01.pdf.

Subfamily Quercoideae

The Quercoideae, as organized here, includes the oaks and the chestnuts.

Tribe Querceae

Querceae currently comprises only genus Quercus. In previous schemes, the tribe also included upgraded Quercus subgenera, including Macrobalanus (large-fruited white oaks) and Erythrobalanus (red and black oaks).^[1]^[2]

Quercus

The genus Quercus contains the oaks, which comprise about 30 taxa of trees and shrubs in New York. Two sections of oaks in the subgenus Quercus are found in the state: sect. Quercus (white oaks) and sect. Lobate (red oaks). They commonly hybridized only within their own section.^[1]

↑ Steven D. Glenn (2013). Quercus. New York Metropolitan Flora Project.

Quercus sect. Quercus

Quercus montana
chestnut oak

The Quercus section Quercus contains the white-oak group, most members of which have leaves with rounded lobes. White oaks produce acorns that mature in a single season and are relatively sweet.

Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Quercus
Quercus sect. Quercus	White oak group	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Quercus alba L. 1753. Quercus alba L.	White oak, Eastern white oak, Stave oak Chêne blanc	Native, C:7, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree, Sun - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. NSE BNA IPN LBJ Images, wsp
Quercus bicolor Willd. 1783. Q. prinus var. platanoides 1801. Q. bicolor Willd. 1842. Q. prinus var. bicolor 1864. Q. bicolor var. platanoides 1886. Q. discolor var. bicolor 1892. Q. platanoides (Lam.) Sudw.	Swamp white oak Chêne bicolore, Chêne bleu	Native, C:7, Secure OBL-FACW Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Quercus montana Willd. 1753. Q. prinus L. (i) 1805. Q. montana Willd.	Chestnut oak, Mountain chestnut oak, Rock chestnut oak	Native, C:8, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-N0 NPT ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp
Quercus prinoides Willd. 1801. Q. prinoides Willd.	Dwarf chinquapin oak, Scrub chestnut oak	Native, C:8, Secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Tree-shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp
Quercus macrocarpa Michx. 1801. Q. macrocarpa Michx. 1812. Q. olivaeformis F.Michx. 1838. Cerris macrocarpa (Michx.) Raf. 1838. Cerris oliviformis (F.Michx.) Raf. 1856. Q. macrocarpa var. oliviformis 1876. Q. macrocarpa var. depressa 1924. Q. macrocarpa fo. oliviformis 1931. Q. mandanensis Rydb. 1935. Q. macrocarpa ssp. oliviformis	Bur oak, Burr oak, Mossy-cup oak, Blue oak Chêne à gros fruits	Native, C:6, Likely secure FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree-shrub			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 1803. Q. prinus var. acuminata 1877. Q. muehlenbergii Engelm. 1884. Q. rubra var. muehlenbergii 1895. Q. acuminata Sarg. (i) 1901. Q. brayi Small	Chinkapin oak, Chinquapin oak, Yellow chestnut oak Chêne jaune, Chêne de Mühlenberg	Native, C:8, Likely secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Tree			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Quercus stellata Wangenh. 1787. Q. stellata Wangenh. 1803. Q. obtusiloba Michx. 1918. Q. minor (Marshall) Sarg. 1918. Q. stellata var. attenuata 1918. Q. stellata var. parviloba	Post oak Chêne étoilé, Chêne à étoilé	Native, C:9, Likely secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Tree			NYFA-4 USDA-N0 NPT ARS FNA BNA Images, wsp
Quercus robur L. 1753. Q. robur L. 1790. Q. pedunculata Ehrh.	English oak, Pedunculate oak, European oak Chêne pédonculé	Introduced from Eurasia, Cultivated, Rarely naturalizes Perennial, Tree			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT ARS Images, wsp
Quercus sect. Quercus (excluded taxa)	White oak group	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Quercus michauxii Nutt. 1818. Q. michauxii Nutt.	Swamp chestnut oak, Basket oak, Cow oak	N. America native southeastern U.S., N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 ARS Trop. Images, wsp
Quercus margarettae (Ashe) Small 1894. Q. minor var. margarettae 1903. Q. margaretta (Ashe) Small 1913. Q. stellata var. margarettae 1983. Q. stellata ssp. margarettae	Sand post oak, Runner oak, Dwarf post oak	N. America native, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 ARS ITIS FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp

Quercus sect. Quercus hybrids

These are the naturally-occurring white oak hybrids found in New York State.

Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Quercus
Quercus sect. Quercus	White oak group	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Quercus × saulii C.K.Schneid. Quercus alba × Quercus montana	Saul's oak, Hybrid of white oak & chestnut oak	Native, Vulnerable			NYFA-3? USDA-N0 NPT ITIS Images, wsp
Quercus × jackiana Schneid. Quercus alba × Quercus bicolor	Jack's oak, Hybrid of white oak & swamp-white oak Chêne de Jack	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1? USDA-NN NPT Can Images, wsp
Quercus × faxonii Trel. Quercus alba × Quercus prinoides	Faxon's oak, Hybrid of white oak & dwarf chinkapin oak	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1? USDA-N0 NPT Images, wsp
Quercus × fernowii Trel. Quercus alba × Quercus stellata	Fernow's oak, Hybrid of white oak & post oak	Native, Endangered, Impersistent			NYFA-1? USDA-N0 NPT Images, wsp
Quercus × schuettei Trel. Quercus bicolor × Quercus macrocarpa Quercus × hillii Trel.	Schuette's oak, Hybrid of swamp white oak & burr oak Chêne de Schuette	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-NN NPT Can Images, wsp
Quercus × bebbiana C.K.Schneid. Quercus alba × Quercus macrocarpa	Bebb's oak, Hybrid of white oak & burr oak Chêne de Bebb	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-NN NPT Can Images, wsp
Quercus × deamii Trel. Quercus macrocarpa × Quercus muehlenbergii^[1] 1917. Quercus × deamii Trel. 1948. Quercus × fallax E.J.Palmer	Deam's oak, Hybrid of burr oak & chinkapin oak Chêne de Deam	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-NN NPT Can ITIS Images, wsp
↑ Trelease (1924) considered Q.× deamii to be Q.alba × Q.muehlenbergii. Bartlett (1951) showed that Q.macrocarpa × Q.muehlenbergii were more likely to have been the real parents of Q.× deamii. Meanwhile E.J.Palmer (1948) published the name Q.× fallax for oaks with that parentage. So now Q.× fallax is considered to be a synonym of Q.× deamii.

Quercus sect. Lobatae

Red oak

The Quercus section Lobatae (∼ sect. Erythrobalanus) contains the red oak group, most members of which have leaves with pointed or spiny lobes. Red oaks produce acorns that require two seasons (18 months) to mature and are relatively bitter.

Note that Quercus lobata (a California native) is a member of sect. Querca, not sect. Lobatae, as might be inferred from its name.

Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Lobatae
Quercus sect. Lobatae	Red oak group	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Quercus rubra L. 1753. Quercus rubra L. 1817. Quercus borealis Michx. 1916. Quercus maxima (Marshall) Ashe 1916. Quercus borealis var. maxima (i) 1916. Quercus borealis var. maxima	Red oak, Northern red oak Chêne rouge	Native, C:7, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree, Sun - part shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS FNA BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Quercus velutina Lam. 1785. Quercus velutina Lam. 1908. Q. velutina var. missouriensis 1917. Quercus missouriensis Ashe	Black oak, Eastern black oak	Native, C:7, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS ITIS FNA BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. 1785. Quercus rubra var. nana Marshall 1787. Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. 1895. Quercus nana (Marshall) Sarg. (i)	Scrub oak, Bear oak Chêne à feuilles de houx, Chêne de Banister	Native, C:7, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree, shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Quercus coccinea Münchh. 1770. Quercus coccinea Münchh. 1789. Quercus rubra var. coccinea 1918. Quercus coccinea var. tuberculata	Scarlet oak	Native, C:8, Secure UPL Perennial, Tree, Sun			NYFA-5 USDA-N0 NPT ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Quercus palustris Münchh. 1770. Quercus palustris Münchh.	Pin oak	Native, C:7, Likely secure FACW Perennial, Tree, Sun - shade			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. LBJ FED Images, wsp
Quercus marilandica Münchh. var. marilandica 1753. Quercus nigra var. marilandica 1770. Quercus marilandica Münchh.	Blackjack oak	Native, C:7, Rare UPL Perennial, Tree			NYFA-3 USDA-N0 ARS ITIS FNA LBJ Images, wsp
Quercus phellos L. 1753. Quercus phellos L.	Willow oak	Native, C:8, Endangered FACW-FAC Perennial, Tree			NYFA-1 USDA-N0 ARS ITIS FNA LBJ Images, wsp
Quercus shumardii Buckley 1860. Quercus shumardii Buckley	Shumard('s) oak, Shumard red oak, Southern red oak, Swamp red oak	Native, C:8, Endangered FACW-FAC Perennial, Tree, shrub			NYFA-1 USDA-NN ARS ITIS LBJ Images, wsp
Quercus imbricaria Michx. 1801. Quercus imbricaria Michx. 1842. Quercus phellos var. imbricaria 1936. Erythrobalanus imbricaria (Michx.) O.Schwarz	Shingle oak, Laurel oak	Introduced from midwestern US, Midwest native, Not naturalized FAC-FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-X USDA-N0 NPT ARS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Quercus sect. Lobatae (excluded taxa)	Red oak group	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Quercus falcata Michx. 1801. Quercus falcata Michx.	Southern red oak, Spanish oak	N. America native southern U.S., N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 FNA Trop. BBG Images, wsp Note: ^[1]
Quercus pagoda Raf. 1824. Q. falcata var. pagodifolia 1838. Q. pagoda Raf. 1896. Q. pagodifolia (Elliott) Ashe 1917. Q. rubra var. leucophylla 1918. Q. rubra var. pagodifolia 1935. Q. falcata var. leucophylla	Cherrybark oak, Cherry-bark oak	N. America native southern U.S., N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 ARS Trop. Images, wsp
↑ New York Metropolitan Flora Project (BBG) shows Quercus falcata in northeastern New Jersey, within then New York City metropolitan area.

Quercus sect. Lobatae hybrids

These are the naturally-occurring red oak hybrids found in New York State.

Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Lobatae
Quercus sect. Lobatae	Red oak hybrids	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Quercus × bushii Sarg. Quercus marilandica × Quercus velutina	Bush's oak, Hybrid of blackjack oak & black oak	Native, Threatened, Impersistent			NYFA-2 USDA-N0 Images, wsp
Quercus × brittonii W.T. Davis (pro sp.) Quercus ilicifolia × Quercus marilandica	Britton's oak, Hybrid of scrub oak & blackjack oak	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1? Images, wsp
Quercus × rehderi Trel. Quercus ilicifolia × Quercus velutina	Rehder's oak, Hybrid of scrub oak & black oak	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1? USDA-N0 Images, wsp
Quercus × hawkinsiae Sudw. Quercus rubra × Quercus velutina Quercus × hawkinsi Sudw. Quercus × hawkinsii Sudw. Quercus × porteri Trelease illeg.	Hawkins' oak, Hybrid of red oak & black oak Chêne de Hawkins	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1? USDA-NN Can ITIS Images, wsp
Quercus × rudkinii Britton (pro sp.) Quercus marilandica × Quercus phellos Quercus × dubia Ashe	Rudkin's oak, Hybrid of blackjack oak & willow oak	Native, Endangered			ITIS Images, wsp
Quercus × filialis Little Quercus phellos × Quercus velutina	Varileaf oak, Hybrid of willow oak & black oak	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-N0 Images, wsp
Quercus × heterophylla Michx.f. Quercus phellos × Quercus rubra Quercus × hollickii Schneid.	Variable-leaved oak, Hybrid of willow oak & red oak	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-N0 Images, wsp

Quercus sect. Cerris

The potentially invasive Asian sawtooth oak has not been listed as naturalized in New York, but it is distributed as a "conservation" tree in the state, and has been listed as naturalized in Pennsylvania. It is reported as invasive in Wisconsin, South Carolina, and Georgia.

Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Cerris
Quercus sect. Cerris	Turkish oak group	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Quercus acutissima Carruth.	Sawtooth oak Sawhorn oak	Introduced from Asia, Potentially invasive, Cultivated, Not naturalized, NPS IPA			NYFA-0 USDA-X0 ARS BNA Images, wsp

Tribe Castaneeae

Castanea

Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.
American chestnut

Native American chestnut trees (Castanea dentata) were a major component of many New York forests until the introduction of the exotic chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) in the late 19th century. Mature American chestnuts are now rare, but stump sprouts are keeping the chestnut genome alive.

Fagales — Fagaceae — Castanoideae — Castanea
Castanea	Chestnut	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. 1785. Fagus dentata Marshall (i) 1800. C. dentata (Marshall) Borkh. 1803. C. vesca var. americana 1817. C. americana (Michx.) Raf.	American chestnut, Chestnut Châtaignier d'Amérique	Native, C:6, Likely secure UPL Perennial, Tree			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT ARS FNA Trop. Images, wsp Note: ^[1]
Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. 1768. Fagus pumila L. 1768. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill. 1818. Castanea alnifolia Nutt	Chinquapin Chinkapin Dwarf chestnut Allegheny chinquapin	N. America native, Unranked UPL			NYFA-X USDA-N0 NPT FNA BNA LBJ Images, wsp
Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc.	Japanese chestnut Korean chestnut	Introduced, Unk. naturalization			NYFA-Xu USDA-X0 BBG Images, wsp
Castanea sativa Mill. Castanea vesca Castanea vulgaris	European chestnut	Introduced from Europe, Impersistent, Not naturalized			NYFA-X USDA-X0 NPT Images, wsp
Castanea (excluded taxa)	Chestnut	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Castanea mollissima Blume	Chinese chestnut	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X0 NPT Images, wsp
↑ Castanea dentata status is misleading because although the species is not rare and will likely persist, chestnut blight prevents the trees from maturing. Most grow from root suckers.

Subfamily Fagoideae

Fagus

American beech (Fagus grandifolia)

The American beech, Fagus grandifolia, is a widespread hardwood tree in New York, and historically associated with Acer saccharum (sugar maple) in beech-maple climax forests. The American beech, however, is susceptible to beech bark disease, which is now common in New York. The disease is made possible by the non-native beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga, which pierces the bark to feed on the sap. The resulting holes allow Nectria fungus spores to enter. Eventually the exotic fungus kills portions of inner bark and induces cankers that often girdle and kill the tree.^[1] Given these facts, the "secure" status for American beech may be counter-intuitive, but the loss of larger infected trees increases the number of root suckers and stump sprouts, causing dense beech thickets, which have little benefit for wildlife or timber harvesters. So, as with other disease-prone trees such as American elm and American chestnut, the threat of extirpation is low, even though the health of the existing population remains poor. In fact, foresters in New York often consider the American beech to be a native invasive or interfering species and treat beech tree stumps with glyphosate immediately after cutting to prevent such resprouts.^[2]

Fagales — Fagaceae — Fagoideae — Fagus
Fagus	Beech	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. 1788. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. 1789. Fagus ferruginea Aiton 1826. Fagus americana Sweet 1907. Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana 1940. Fagus grandifolia ssp. heterophylla	American beech Hêtre américain	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS Trop. Images, wsp
Fagus sylvatica L. 1753. Fagus sylvatica L.	European beech	Introduced from Eurasia			NYFA-X USDA-XX ARS Trop. Images, wsp

Family Myricaceae

The Myricaceae Blume 1829 (bayberry family) contains the bayberry, sweetgale, and sweet-fern species.^[1]

Robert L. Wilbur (1994) recommended splitting Myrica (bayberry and sweetgale), moving most of the bayberry species to Morella and leaving sweetgale in Myrica. He also expressed doubt about whether the two eastern North American bayberry species, M. pensylvanica and M. caroliniensis, were distinct enough to be considered separate species.^[2] In 2002, Wilbur made the recommendation that the two eastern North American bayberry species should be treated as a single species, Morella caroliniensis.^[3]

↑ Myricaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Robert L. Wilbur (1994). "The Myricaceae of the United States and Canada: genera, subgenera, and series." SIDA, Contributions to Botany 16(1):93-107.
↑ R.L. Wilbur (2002). "The identity and history of Myrica caroliniensis (Myricaceae)." Rhodora 104:39.

Comptonia

Fagales — Myricaceae — Myriceae — Comptonia
Comptonia L’Hér. 1789	Sweet-fern	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Comptonia peregrina (L.) J.M.Coult. 1753. Liquidambar peregrina L. 1753. Myrica aspleniifolia L. 1763. Liquidambar aspleniifolia (L.) L. 1789. Comptonia aspleniifolia (L.) L’Hér. 1891. Myrica peregrina (L.) Kuntze 1894. Comptonia peregrina (L.) J.M.Coult.	Sweet fern, Fern gale Comptonie voyageuse, Comptonie à feuilles d'asplénie	Native, C:6, Secure Perennial, Shrub, subshrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA Images, wsp

Myrica

Fagales — Myricaceae — Myriceae — Myrica
Myrica L. 1754	Sweetgale	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Myrica gale L. 1753. Myrica gale L. 1889. Gale palustris Chev.	Sweet bayberry, Bog-myrtle, Sweet gale, Meadow-fern Myrique baumier, Bois-sent-bon	Native, Secure, Circumoreal OBL Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-5 USDA-NN ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp

Morella

Some sources, including the New York Flora Atlas, treat northern and southern bayberry as a single species. Other sources treat them separately. If treated as two distinct species, only northern baberry (Morella pensylvanica) is thought to be native or naturalized in New York. If treated as as single species, Morella caroliniensis would have priority as the species name.

Fagales — Myricaceae — Myriceae — Morella
Morella Lour. 1790	Bayberry	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Morella pensylvanica (Mirb.) Kartesz 1804. Myrica pensylvanica Mirb. 1919. Myrica macfarlanei Youngken 1937. Cerothamnus pensylvanicus Moldenke 1999. Morella pensylvanica (Mirb.) Kartesz^[1]	Northern bayberry, Candleberry, Waxberry, Tallow bayberry, Tallowshrub, Swamp candleberry, Candlewood Cirier de Pennsylvanie, Myrique de Pennsylvanie	Native, C:7, Likely secure FAC Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-4 USDA-NN Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA LBJ MBG Images, wsp
Morella caroliniensis (Mill.) Small 1768. Myrica caroliniensis Mill. 1838. Myrica heterophylla Raf. 1903. Morella caroliniensis Small 1910. Cerothamnus caroliniensis Tidestr.	Southern bayberry, Evergreen bayberry, Wax-myrtle, Small bayberry	N. America native			NYFA-4 USDA-N0 NPT ARS ITIS FNA Trop. BNA MBG Images, wsp
↑ NYFA lists Morella pensylvanica as Morella caroliniensis (Mill.) Small, with Myrica pensylvanica as a synonym. However, the other sources listed here (except for Flora Novae Angliae @Go Botany) do not treat northern and southern bayberry as the same species. Flora of North America lists southern bayberry as Myrica heterophylla, and after discussing the minor differences between northern and southern bayberry, states "Whether these differences are sufficient to warrant the recognition of distinct species is yet to be satisfactorily resolved."

Family Juglandaceae

The New York members of the Juglandaceae (walnut family) include about ten reported native walnut and hickory species, and a single non-native walnut species.^[1] These trees are valuable both for their timber and nut production.

↑ Juglandaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Subfamily Juglandoideae

Both of the New York Juglandaceae tribes are placed in the Juglandoideae. Their fruits are similar in that they are composed of a nut surrounded by a fleshy outer covering so that they somewhat resemble a drupe such as a peach or plum.

Tribe Juglandeae

The Juglandeae in New York consist of the relatively common native black walnut and butternut (or white walnut) trees.

Juglans

Black walnut (Juglans nigra) may not be native to all parts of New York. It was once a dominant tree in the midwest and southeast, and was probably cultivated by Native Americans in parts of the state where it didn't occur naturally.

Most butternut (Juglans cinerea) trees in the state appear to have been infected by the butternut canker (the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum) . Some naturalized "English" and possibly "Japanese" walnut trees have also been found in the southeastern part of the state.

Fagales — Juglandaceae — Juglandoideae — Juglandeae — Juglans
Juglans sect. Rhysocaryon	Black walnuts	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Juglans nigra L. 1753. Juglans nigra L. 1861. Wallia nigra (L.) Alef.	Black walnut, American walnut Noyer noir, Noyer noir d'Amérique	Native, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Juglans sect. Trachycaryon	White walnuts	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Juglans cinerea L. 1759. Juglans cinerea L. 1861. Wallia cinerea (L.) Alef.	Butternut, White walnut Noyer cendré, Arbre à noix longues, Noix tendre	Native, Likely secure FACU			NYFA-4 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Juglans sect. Cardiocaryon	Asian walnuts	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Juglans ailantifolia Carrière 1872. Juglans sieboldiana Maxim. 1878. Juglans ailantifolia Carrière	Japanese walnut, Siebold walnut, Onigurumi, Heartnut Noyer du Japon	Introduced from temperate Asia, No specimens			NYFA-X0 USDA-X NPT Can ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Juglans	Hybrid walnuts	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Juglans × bixbyi Rehder Juglans ailantifolia × Juglans cinerea 1921. Juglans × bixbyi Rehder	Bixby's walnut, Buart, Buartnut, Hybrid of butternut & Japanese walnut	Introduced, No specimens			NYFA-X0 USDA-X0 NPT ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Juglans sect. Juglans (excluded taxa)	Eurasian walnuts	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Juglans regia L. 1753. Juglans regia L. 1906. Juglans duclouxiana Dode 1906. Juglans falax Dode 1906. Juglans sinensis (C.DC.) Dode 1906. Juglans kamaonica (C.DC.) Dode 1906. Juglans orientis Dode	English walnut, Persian walnut, Common walnut, Black sea walnut, Madeira-nut Noyer commun	Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-XX Can ARS ITIS Trop. Images, wsp

Tribe Caryeae

Carya

North American hickories (Carya) are often divided into two groups: the true hickories (sect. Carya) and the pecan hickories (sect. Apocarya). Section Apocarya contains the pecan hickories, including pecan (Carya illinoinensis), water hickory (C. aquatica), and nutmeg hickory (C. myristiciformis). The wood of the trees in this section is generally considered to be a bit less dense and softer than that of the true hickories.^[1] The only member of sect. Apocarya found in New York is bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis). Section Carya contains the true hickories.

Recent molecular data does not strictly support using those two groupss^[2]

Fagales — Juglandaceae — Juglandoideae — Caryeae — Apocarya
Carya sect. Apocarya	Pecan hickories	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch (1869) 1787. Juglans cordiformis 1869. Carya cordiformis Hicoria cordiformis Hicoria minima	Bitternut hickory, Swamp hickory Caryer cordiforme, Caryer amer	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS Images, wsp
Carya sect. Carya	Pecan hickories	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch 1768. Juglans ovata Miller 1869. Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch Hicoria alba p.p.' *1888. Hicoria ovata* (Mill.) Britton**	Shagbark hickory, Shellbark hickory, Upland hickory Caryer ovale	Native, Secure FACU			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet 1768. Juglans glabra Mill. 1787. Juglans ovalis Wangenh. 1813. Juglans pyriformis Muhl., nom. nud. 1826. Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet 1913. Carya ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg. 1969. Carya glabra var. odorata	Pignut hickory Sweet pignut Red hickory False shagbark Small pignut	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. 1753. Juglans alba L. p.p. 1798. Juglans tomentosa Poir. in Lam. 1818. Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. 1818. Carya alba (L.) Nutt 1838. Hicoria tomentosa (Lam.) Raf. 1869. Carya alba (L.) K. Koch 1888. Hicorius alba Britton	Mockernut hickory, Big-bud hickory, White-heart hickory, White hickory, Square-nut hickory	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-N0 NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp Note: ^[1]
Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don Hicoria laciniosa	Shellbark hickory, Kingnut, Big shellbark hickory, Shagbark hickory	Native, Threatened			NYFA-2 USDA-NN ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp
Carya × dunbarii Sarg. Carya laciniosa × Carya ovata 1922. Carya × dunbarii Sarg.	Dunbar's hickory, Hybrid of Shellbark hickory & Shagbark hickory	Native, Unranked Perennial, Tree			NYFA-U USDA-N0 ARS Images, wsp
Carya × laneyi Sarg. Carya cordiformis × Carya ovata 1913. Carya × Laneyi Sarg.	Laney's hickory, Hybrid of Bitternut hickory & Shagbark hickory	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-NN ARS ITIS Images, wsp
Carya cordiformis × laciniosa Carya cordiformis × Carya laciniosa	Hybrid of Bitternut hickory & Shellbark hickory	N. America native, No reports			Images, wsp
↑ NYFA and NRCS list Carya tomentosa as Carya alba. ARS, ITIS, and FNA all list the accepted species name as Carya tomentosa.

Family Betulaceae

The Betulaceae (birch family) contains the alder (Alnus), birch (Betula), hornbeam (Carpinus), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya), and hazel (Corylus) trees and shrubs.^[1]

↑ Betulaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Subfamily Betuloideae

The Betuloideae contains the alders and birches.

Alnus

Alnus incana
speckled alder

The genus Alnus contains trees generally referred to as alders.

Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Alnus
Alnus	Alder	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Alnus incana (L.) Moench ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T.Clausen 1771. Betula alnus var. rugosa Du Roi 1784. Betula rugosa (Du Roi) Ehrh. 1826. Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. 1861. Alnus incana var. americana 1945. Alnus rugosa var. americana 1949. Alnus incana ssp. rugosa 1955. Alnus americana (Regel) Czerep.	Speckled alder, Tag alder, Swamp alder Aulne blanchâtre	Native, C:5, Secure FACW-FACU Perennial, Shrub-tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT ARS FNA Images, wsp
Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd. 1789. Betula serrulata Aiton 1805. Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd. 1904. Alnus noveboracensis Britton 1945. Alnus serrulata var. subelliptica 1967. Alnus incana var. serrulata auct. Alnus rubra non (DuRoi) Spreng	Smooth alder, Hazel alder, Brookside alder, Brook-side alder Aulne tendre, Aulne blanc, Aulne serrulé	Native, C:6, Secure OBL Perennial, Shrub-tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp
Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch ssp. crispa (Aiton) Raus 1789. Betula crispa Aiton 1813. Alnus crispa (Aiton) Pursh 1904. Alnus alnobetula var. crispa 1962. Alnus viridis ssp. crispa 1964. Duschekia crispa (Aiton) Pouzar 2011. Alnus alnobetula ssp. crispa	Green alder, Mountain alder, American green alder Aulne vert crispé, Aulne crispé, Aulne tardif	Native, C:9, Vulnerable FAC Perennial, Shrub-tree			NYFA-3 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Images, wsp
Alnus × fallacina Callier Alnus incana ssp. rungosa × Alnus serrulata 1911. Alnus × fallacina Callier	Deceptive alder, Hybrid of speckled alder & smooth alder	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1? USDA-N0 NPT ITIS Trop. Images, wsp
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. 1753. Betula alnus L. 1753. Betula alnus var. glutinosa L. 1757. Alnus vulgaris Hill 1790. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. 1913. Alnus alnus (L.) Britton nom. illeg.	European alder, Black alder, European black alder Aulne glutineux, Aulne noir	Introduced from Eurasia, n. Africa, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 64%^[1], CP-3^[2]			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS FNA Images, wsp
Alnus (potential hybrids)	Alder	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Alnus glutinosa × serrulata	Hybrid of European alder & smooth alder	Introduced, No specimens			NPT Images, wsp
Alnus (excluded taxa)	Alder	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Alnus incana (L.) Moench ssp. incana 1794. Alnus incana (L.) Moench p.p.	Gray alder	Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-EXCLD ARS Images, wsp
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Alnus glutinosa: Moderate (64). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2009)

Betula

Betula (ˈbech-ə-lə) in New York consists of about nine native species of birch trees, at least two native hybrids, and a single non-native, naturalized species.

Betula subg. Betulenta

Palustrine forest of hemlocks, sweet birches (Betula lenta), and yellow birches (Betula alleghaniensis) along Fall Creek, Monroe County, Pennsylvania.

Subgenus Betulenta contains the wintergreen-oil birches, which in New York consist of yellow and black birch. These contain a noticeable amount of methyl salicylate in their twig bark, giving the twigs a minty odor when broken.

Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Betulenta
Betula L. 1753 subg. Betulenta	Birch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Betula alleghaniensis Britton 1811. Betula lutea F.Michx. nom. illeg. 1904. Betula alleghaniensis Britton 1922. B. lutea var. macrolepis 1949. B. lutea var. alleghaniensis 1966. B. alleghaniensis var. fallax 1966. B. alleghaniensis var. macrolepis	Yellow birch Bouleau jaune, Bouleau des Alléghanys, Merisier	Native, C:7, Secure FAC Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp
Betula lenta L. 1753. Betula lenta L.	Black birch, Sweet birch, Cherry birch Bouleau flexible, Merisier rouge	Native, C:6, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS LBJ Images, wsp

Betula subg. Betula

Betula populifolia
gray birch

Subgenus Betula contains the typical birches, which do not have methyl salicylate in their bark.

Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Betulenta
Betula L. 1753 subg. Betula	Birch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Betula populifolia Marshall 1785. Betula populifolia Marshall	Gray birch, White birch, Fire birch Bouleau à feuilles de peuplier, Bouleau gris	Native, C:4, Secure Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT FNA Trop. Images, wsp
Betula papyrifera Marshall 1785. Betula papyrifera Marshall 1789. B. papyracea Aiton 1841. B. alba var. papyrifera 1919. B. papyrifera var. elobata 1945. B. papyrifera var. commutata 1945. B. papyrifera var. pensilis	Paper birch, Canoe birch, White birch	Native, C:5, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Trop. Images, wsp
Betula cordifolia Regel 1861. Betula cordifolia Regel 1901. B. papyrifera var. cordifolia ^[1] 1902. B. alba var. cordifolia 1982. B. papyrifera ssp. cordifolia	Mountain paper birch, Mountain white birch, Heart-leaved birch, Heart-leaved paper birch	Native, C:7, Vulnerable FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-3 USDA-NN NPT Can FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp
Betula × caerulea Blanch. (pro sp.) Betula cordifolia × Betula populifolia 1904. Betula caerulea-grandis Blanch. 1904. Betula caerulea Blanch.	Blue birch, Hybrid of Mountain paper birch & Gray birch Bouleau bleu	Native, Endangered			NYFA-1? USDA-NN NPT Can ITIS FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp Note: ^[2]
Betula pendula Roth 1788. Betula pendula Roth 1789. Betula alba var. pendula 1790. Betula verrucosa Ehrh.	Weeping birch, Silver birch, European white birch, European weeping birch Bouleau verruqueux, Bouleau pendant, Bouleau pleureur, Bouleau blanc d'Europe	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Canada & Alaska??, Naturalized FACU Perennial, Tree			NYFA-X USDA-XX NPT Can ARS Trop. BNA Images, wsp
Betula subg. Betula (excluded taxa)	Birch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Betula nana L. 1753. Betula nana L.	Alpine birch, Dwarf birch, Arctic dwarf birch	N. America native Canada & Alaska, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD ARS Images, wsp
Betula pubescens Ehrh. ssp. pubescens Betula alba	Downy birch	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-XX Images, wsp
Betula platyphylla Sukaczev Betula latifolia	Asian white birch	Introduced, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-X Images, wsp
↑ Betula cordifolia is often treated as a variety of Betula papyrifera. According to Flora of North America, "…perhaps it should be considered an ecological race of that species." ↑ Betula × caerulea (blue birch) is listed by NRCS as a cross between papyrifera & populifolia, but FNA agrees with NYFA in stating that it as more likey [cordifolia × populifolia]

Betula subg. Neurobetula

Although somewhat rare in New York and native to bottomlands, especially in the Hudson Valley, river birch is also planted as a popular landscape tree in other parts of the state.

Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Neurobetula
Betula L. 1753 subg. Neurobetula	Birch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Betula nigra L. 1753. Betula nigra L. 1812. Betula rubra F.Michx.	River birch, Red birch, Black birch	Native, C:8, Rare FACW Perennial, Tree			NYFA-3 USDA-N0 NPT FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp

Betula subg. Chamaebetula

Betula pumila
bog birch

Subgenus Chamaebetula contains the dwarf birches.

Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Chamaebetula
Betula L. 1753 subg. Chamaebetula	Birch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Betula pumila L. 1767. Betula pumila L. 1902. B. hallii Howell 1909. B. glandulifera (Regel) E. J. Butler	Bog birch, Dwarf birch, Low birch, Swamp birch	Native, C:9, Threatened, NYNHP: 2^[1] OBL Perennial, Tree			NYFA-2 USDA-NN ARS Images, wsp
Betula glandulosa Michx. 1803. Betula glandulosa Michx. 1911. B. exilis Sukaczev	Alpine birch, Tundra dwarf birch, Dwarf birch, Resin birch Bouleau glanduleux	Native, C:10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1^[2] OBL Perennial, Tree			NYFA-1 USDA-NN ARS FNA Images, wsp
Betula minor (Tuck.) Fernald 1843. Betula papyracea var. minor 1890. B. papyrifera var. minor 1902. B. alba var. minor 1945. B. minor Fernald 1966. B. pubescens ssp. minor 1976. B. saxophila Lepage	Dwarf white birch, Dwarf birch Bouleau mineur	Native, C:10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1^[3] Perennial, Tree			NYFA-1 USDA-NN FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Betula pumila. Threatened, S2/G5. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Betula glandulosa. Endangered, S1/G5. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2016. Online Conservation Guide for Betula minor. Endangered, S1/G4Q.

Betula inter-subgeneric hybrids

Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula
Betula L. 1753	Birch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Betula × sandbergii Britton (pro sp.) Betula papyrifera × Betula pumila 1904. Betula sandbergii Britton 1957. Betula × neoborealis Lepage	Sandberg's birch, Northern birch, Hybrid of Paper birch & Bog birch Bouleau de Sandberg	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-NN NPT Can ARS ITIS FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp
Betula L. 1753 (excluded taxa)	Birch	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Betula × purpusii C.K.Schneid. Betula alleghaniensis × Betula pumila 1904. Betula purpusii C.K.Schneid. 1904. Betula purpusii var. typica nom. inval.	Purpus' birch, Hybrid of Yellow birch & Bog birch Bouleau de Purpus	Native, Unranked			NYFA-U USDA-NN Can ARS FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp
Betula × dutillyi Lepage Betula glandulosa × Betula minor 1952. Betula × dutillyi Lepage	Dutilly's birch, Hybrid of Tundra dwarf birch & Dwarf white birch Bouleau de Dutilly	Native, Unranked			NYFA-D USDA-0N Can Images, wsp
Betula × raymundii Lepage Betula populifolia × Betula pumila 1957. Betula × raymundii Lepage	Raymund's birch, Hybrid of Gray birch & Bog birch Bouleau de Raymund	Native, Unranked			NYFA-D USDA-0N Can Trop. IPN Images, wsp
Betula alleghaniensis × papyrifera Betula alleghaniensis × Betula papyrifera	Un-named, Hybrid of Yellow brirch & Paper birch	Native, Unranked			NYFA-D Images, wsp

Subfamily Coryloideae

The Coryloideae subfamily of the birch family generally includes the hornbeam (Carpineae) and hazel (Coryleae) tribes.

Tribe Carpineae

The Carpineae comprise the hornbeams (Carpinus) and hop-hornbeams (Ostrya). A single species of each is native to New York.

Ostrya

Ostrya virginiana
American hophornbeam

The genus Ostyra is generally known as hop-hornbeam, or ironwood. Of the approximately nine Ostyra species worldwide, only the Eastern hop-hornbeam species is known to grow outside of cultivation in New York. Because of its small size, shade tolerance, low timber value, and high reproductive rate, hop-hornbeam is often considered to be an undesirable understory species in forests being used for commercial timber production.^[1]^[2]

Fagales — Betulaceae — Coryloideae — Carpineae — Ostrya
Ostrya	Hop-hornbean	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K.Koch 1768. Carpinus virginiana Mill. 1873. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch	Eastern hop-hornbeam, American hophornbeam, Ironwood Ostryer de Virginie, Bois de fer	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN ARS Images, wsp

Carpinus

Carpinus caroliniana
American Hornbeam

The only species of hornbeam native in New York goes by the name American hornbeam, blue beech, or muscle-wood. It also goes by the name ironwood, but as that name is also commonly used for the related hop-hornbeam tree, perhaps it should be used for neither.

Fagales — Betulaceae — Coryloideae — Carpineae — Carpinus
Carpinus	Hornbeam	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Carpinus caroliniana Walter ssp. virginiana (Marshall) Furlow 1785. C. betulus var. virginiana 1893. C. virginiana Sudw. non Miller 1768 1935. C. caroliniana var. virginiana 1987. C. caroliniana ssp. virginiana	American hornbeam, Musclewood, Blue beech, Muscle tree, Ironwood Charme de Virginie, Bois de fer	Native, Secure			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp
Carpinus betulus L. 1753. C. betulus L. 1940. C. caucasica Grossh.	European hornbeam	Introduced from Eurasia, Unk. naturalization			NYFA-X USDA-X0 ARS Images, wsp
Carpinus (excluded taxa)	Hornbeam	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Carpinus caroliniana Walter ssp. caroliniana 1788. C. caroliniana Walter 1803. C. americana Michx.	American hornbeam, Blue beech, Musclewood, Ironwood Charme de Caroline	N. America native southern US, N.Y. excluded			NYFA-XCLD USDA-N0 FNA Trop. NSE BNA Images, wsp

Tribe Coryleae

Corylus

Corylus contains the hazelnut shrubs and trees, which are not at all closely related to witchhazel.

Fagales — Betulaceae — Coryloideae — Coryleae — Corylus
Corylus	Hazelnut	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Corylus cornuta Marshall ssp. cornuta 1785. Corylus cornuta Marshall 1789. Corylus rostrata Aiton 1940. C. cornuta var. megaphylla	Beaked hazelnut, Beaked hazel, Beaked filbert Noisetier à long bec, Coudrier à long bec	Native, C:7, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - part shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS FNA IPN LBJ Images, wsp
Corylus americana Walter 1788. Corylus americana Walter 1864. C. americana var. missouriensis 1916. C. americana var. altior 1935. C. americana var. indehiscens	American hazelnut, American hazel, American filbert Noisetier d'Amérique	Native, C:6, Secure FACU Perennial, Shrub, Sun - shade			NYFA-5 USDA-NN NPT Can ARS FNA Trop. LBJ Images, wsp
Corylus (excluded taxa)	Hazelnut	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Corylus avellana L. 1753. Corylus avellana L.	European hazelnut, European hazel, Common filbert Noisetier commun, Coudrier, Avelline	Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded FACU Perennial, Shrub			NYFA-XCLD USDA-XX Can ARS FNA Trop. IPN Images, wsp

← Cucurbitales	Flora of New York — Fagales				→ Geraniales
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

References

This article is issued from Wikibooks. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] Fagaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[2] Paul S. Manos, Zhe-Kun Zhou, and Charles H. Cannon (2001). "Systematics of Fagaceae: Phylogenic Test of Reproductive Trait Evolution". International Journal of Plant Sciences 162(6): 1361–1379. http://www.ecologicalevolution.org/content/pdf/manos01.pdf.

[3] Thomas Denk et al. (2017) "An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks: review of previous taxonomic schemes and synthesis of evolutionary patterns"

[4] Hui-Lin Li & Ju-Ying Hsiao (1973) "A Preliminary Study of the Chemosystematics of American Oaks: Phenolic Characters of Leaves." Bartonia 42:5-13, 1973. www.jstor.org/stable/41610363.

[5] Steven D. Glenn (2013). Quercus. New York Metropolitan Flora Project.

[6] Trelease (1924) considered Q.× deamii to be Q.alba × Q.muehlenbergii. Bartlett (1951) showed that Q.macrocarpa × Q.muehlenbergii were more likely to have been the real parents of Q.× deamii. Meanwhile E.J.Palmer (1948) published the name Q.× fallax for oaks with that parentage. So now Q.× fallax is considered to be a synonym of Q.× deamii.

[7] New York Metropolitan Flora Project (BBG) shows Quercus falcata in northeastern New Jersey, within then New York City metropolitan area.