ἐπί
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
- ἐπ’ (ep’) – apocopic, before a smooth breathing
- ἔπι (épi) – stress-shifted
- ἐτ (et) – Thessalian, before τ
- ἐφ’ (eph’) – apocopic, before a rough breathing
Etymology
From the Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi. Cognate with Sanskrit अपि (ápi), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 (aipi), Old Persian [script needed] (apiy), Old Armenian եւ (ew), Latin ob, and Old English bī (English by).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /e.pí/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ɛˈpi/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /eˈpi/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /eˈpi/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /eˈpi/
Preposition
ἐπῐ́ • (epí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)
- (+ genitive)
- on, upon (on the upper surface of)
- καθέζεται ἐπὶ θρόνου.
- kathézetai epì thrónou.
- He sits down on the throne.
- on (supported by)
- (mostly post-Homeric) in
- 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1705:
- ἇς ἔχρῃζε γᾶς ἐπὶ ξένας / ἔθανε
- hâs ékhrēize gâs epì xénas / éthane
- He died on the foreign ground that he desired.
- ἇς ἔχρῃζε γᾶς ἐπὶ ξένας / ἔθανε
- at, near
- (of ships) at (dependent upon)
- ὁρμεῖν ἐπ’ ἀγκύρας
- hormeîn ep’ ankúras
- to ride at anchor
- (with reflexive or personal pronoun) by oneself
- ἐφ’ ἑαυτῶν ἐχώρουν
- eph’ heautôn ekhṓroun
- They proceeded by themselves.
- (with numerals, of a body of soldiers) deep
- ἐτάχθησαν ἐπὶ τεττάρων
- etákhthēsan epì tettárōn
- They formed a line four men deep.
- (with a person) before (in the presence of)
- 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, First Tetralogy 3.8:
- οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ μαρτύρων ἀλλὰ κρυπτόμενα πράσσεται τὰ τοιαῦτα
- ou gàr epì martúrōn allà kruptómena prássetai tà toiaûta
- Crimes of this kind are committed in secret, not before witnesses.
- οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ μαρτύρων ἀλλὰ κρυπτόμενα πράσσεται τὰ τοιαῦτα
- in the case of; on
- ἐπὶ τῶν πλουσίων […] αἰσθάνομαι
- epì tôn plousíōn […] aisthánomai
- In the case of the rich, I can see that […]
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.9.3:
- ὁρῶ δ’ ἔγωγε καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων πάντων ὁμοίως καὶ φύσει διαφέροντας ἀλλήλων τοὺς ἀνθρώπους
- horô d’ égōge kaì epì tôn állōn pántōn homoíōs kaì phúsei diaphérontas allḗlōn toùs anthrṓpous
- And similarly in all other points, I find that human beings naturally differ from one another.
- ὁρῶ δ’ ἔγωγε καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων πάντων ὁμοίως καὶ φύσει διαφέροντας ἀλλήλων τοὺς ἀνθρώπους
- in the time of
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.332:
- τό γε νύσσα τέτυκτο ἐπὶ προτέρων ἀνθρώπων, / καὶ νῦν τέρματ’ ἔθηκε ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς
- tó ge nússa tétukto epì protérōn anthrṓpōn, / kaì nûn térmat’ éthēke podárkēs dîos Akhilleús
- Haply it was made the turning-post of a race in the days of men of old, and now swift-footed goodly Achilles has appointed it his turning-post.
- τό γε νύσσα τέτυκτο ἐπὶ προτέρων ἀνθρώπων, / καὶ νῦν τέρματ’ ἔθηκε ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς
- (of authority, power, etc.) in
- οἰ έπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων
- oi épì tôn pragmátōn
- the [men] in power
- on (an occasion)
- 361 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Midias 38:
- καὶ οὐκ ἐπὶ τούτου μόνον, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ πάντων φαίνεται προῃρημένος μ’ ὑβρίζειν
- kaì ouk epì toútou mónon, all’ epì pántōn phaínetai proēirēménos m’ hubrízein
- And not only on that, but on every [occasion] he has shown a deliberate intention to insult me.
- καὶ οὐκ ἐπὶ τούτου μόνον, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ πάντων φαίνεται προῃρημένος μ’ ὑβρίζειν
- on, upon (on the upper surface of)
- (+ dative)
- on, upon
- καθέζεται ἐπὶ θρόνῳ.
- kathézetai epì thrónōi.
- He sits down on the throne.
- 408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1131:
- σιδηρονώτοις δ’ ἀσπίδος τύποις ἐπῆν / γίγας ἐπ’ ὤμοις γηγενὴς ὅλην πόλιν / φέρων μοχλοῖσιν ἐξανασπάσας βάθρων
- sidēronṓtois d’ aspídos túpois epên / gígas ep’ ṓmois gēgenḕs hólēn pólin / phérōn mokhloîsin exanaspásas báthrōn
- This device his shield bore upon its iron back: an earth-born giant carrying on his shoulders a whole city which he had wrenched from its base.
- σιδηρονώτοις δ’ ἀσπίδος τύποις ἐπῆν / γίγας ἐπ’ ὤμοις γηγενὴς ὅλην πόλιν / φέρων μοχλοῖσιν ἐξανασπάσας βάθρων
- in
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.77.2:
- νικήσαντες δὲ καὶ τούτους τετρακισχιλίους κληρούχους ἐπὶ τῶν ἱπποβοτέων τῇ χώρῃ λείπουσι
- nikḗsantes dè kaì toútous tetrakiskhilíous klēroúkhous epì tôn hippobotéōn têi khṓrēi leípousi
- And after overcoming them as well, they left four thousand tenant farmers on the lands of the horse-breeders.
- νικήσαντες δὲ καὶ τούτους τετρακισχιλίους κληρούχους ἐπὶ τῶν ἱπποβοτέων τῇ χώρῃ λείπουσι
- at, near
- over
- in honor of
- against
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.74.1:
- ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ ἀπικόμενος ἐς τὴν Ἀρκαδίην νεώτερα ἔπρησσε πρήγματα, συνιστὰς τοὺς Ἀρκάδας ἐπὶ τῆ Σπάρτῃ
- entheûten dè apikómenos es tḕn Arkadíēn neṓtera éprēsse prḗgmata, sunistàs toùs Arkádas epì tê Spártēi
- From there he came to Arcadia and stirred up disorder, uniting the Arcadians against Sparta.
- ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ ἀπικόμενος ἐς τὴν Ἀρκαδίην νεώτερα ἔπρησσε πρήγματα, συνιστὰς τοὺς Ἀρκάδας ἐπὶ τῆ Σπάρτῃ
- in addition to, over, besides
- (with duplication of head noun) after
- ὄγχνη ἐπ’ ὄγχνῃ γηράσκει
- ónkhnē ep’ ónkhnēi gēráskei
- One pear after another ripens.
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 404:
- βοᾷ γὰρ λοιγὸς Ἐρινὺν / παρὰ τῶν πρότερον φθιμένων ἄτην / ἑτέραν ἐπάγουσαν ἐπ’ ἄτῃ
- boâi gàr loigòs Erinùn / parà tôn próteron phthiménōn átēn / hetéran epágousan ep’ átēi
- Murder cries out on the Fury, which from those killed before brings one ruin after another.
- βοᾷ γὰρ λοιγὸς Ἐρινὺν / παρὰ τῶν πρότερον φθιμένων ἄτην / ἑτέραν ἐπάγουσαν ἐπ’ ἄτῃ
- in the power of
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.29.2:
- νῦν τε παρὰ τῷ βαρβάρῳ τοσοῦτο δυνάμεθα ὥστε ἐπ’ ἡμῖν ἐστι τῆς γῆς ἐστερῆσθαι καὶ πρὸς ἠνδραποδίσθαι ὑμέας
- nûn te parà tôi barbárōi tosoûto dunámetha hṓste ep’ hēmîn esti tês gês esterêsthai kaì pròs ēndrapodísthai huméas
- And now we bear such weight with the foreigner that it is in our power to have you deprived of your lands and enslaved.
- νῦν τε παρὰ τῷ βαρβάρῳ τοσοῦτο δυνάμεθα ὥστε ἐπ’ ἡμῖν ἐστι τῆς γῆς ἐστερῆσθαι καὶ πρὸς ἠνδραποδίσθαι ὑμέας
- according to
- 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Timocrates 56:
- τὰς δίκας καὶ τὰς διαίτας, ὅσαι ἐγένοντο ἐπὶ τοῖς νόμοις ἐν δημοκρατουμένῃ τῇ πόλει, κυρίας εἶναι
- tàs díkas kaì tàs diaítas, hósai egénonto epì toîs nómois en dēmokratouménēi têi pólei, kurías eînai
- Judgements and awards given according to the law while the government was democratic, shall be valid.
- τὰς δίκας καὶ τὰς διαίτας, ὅσαι ἐγένοντο ἐπὶ τοῖς νόμοις ἐν δημοκρατουμένῃ τῇ πόλει, κυρίας εἶναι
- (of conditions or circumstances) in, with
- 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1554:
- κἀπ’ εὐπραξίᾳ / μέμνησθέ μου θανόντος εὐτυχεῖς ἀεί
- kap’ eupraxíāi / mémnēsthé mou thanóntos eutukheîs aeí
- And in your prosperity, remember me in my death, and be fortunate evermore.
- κἀπ’ εὐπραξίᾳ / μέμνησθέ μου θανόντος εὐτυχεῖς ἀεί
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.3.12:
- τοσαύτας μὲν αὐτοῖς εὐθυμίας παρεῖχεν ἐπὶ τῷ δείπνῳ
- tosaútas mèn autoîs euthumías pareîkhen epì tôi deípnōi
- He furnished them such amusement at dinner.
- τοσαύτας μὲν αὐτοῖς εὐθυμίας παρεῖχεν ἐπὶ τῷ δείπνῳ
- (of time, never in proper Attic) at, on
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.234:
- ἀλλ’ αὖθι κυνῶν μέλπηθρα γένοιτο, / ὅς τις ἐπ’ ἤματι τῷδε ἑκὼν μεθίῃσι μάχεσθαι
- all’ aûthi kunôn mélpēthra génoito, / hós tis ep’ ḗmati tôide hekṑn methíēisi mákhesthai
- But here may he, who on this day of his own will shrinks from fight, become the sport of dogs.
- ἀλλ’ αὖθι κυνῶν μέλπηθρα γένοιτο, / ὅς τις ἐπ’ ἤματι τῷδε ἑκὼν μεθίῃσι μάχεσθαι
- (of time) after
- (expressing a cause) on account of, for
- (expressing a purpose) for
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.154:
- ὃ δὲ τείρετο γήραϊ λυγρῷ, / υἱὸν δ’ οὐ τέκετ’ ἄλλον ἐπὶ κτεάτεσσι λιπέσθαι
- hò dè teíreto gḗraï lugrôi, / huiòn d’ ou téket’ állon epì kteátessi lipésthai
- And their father was fordone with grievous old age, and begat no other son to leave in charge of his possessions.
- ὃ δὲ τείρετο γήραϊ λυγρῷ, / υἱὸν δ’ οὐ τέκετ’ ἄλλον ἐπὶ κτεάτεσσι λιπέσθαι
- (of a condition) on
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.60.3:
- ἐνδεξαμένου δὲ τὸν λόγον καὶ ὁμολογήσαντος ἐπὶ τούτοισι Πεισιστράτου, μηχανῶνται δὴ ἐπὶ τῇ κατόδῳ πρῆγμα
- endexaménou dè tòn lógon kaì homologḗsantos epì toútoisi Peisistrátou, mēkhanôntai dḕ epì têi katódōi prêgma
- When this offer was accepted by Pisistratus, who agreed on these terms [with Megacles], they devised a plan to bring Pisistratus back.
- ἐνδεξαμένου δὲ τὸν λόγον καὶ ὁμολογήσαντος ἐπὶ τούτοισι Πεισιστράτου, μηχανῶνται δὴ ἐπὶ τῇ κατόδῳ πρῆγμα
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica :
- ἀλλ’ ἐποιοῦντο εἰρήνην ἐφ’ ᾧ τά τε μακρὰ τείχη καὶ τὸν Πειραιᾶ καθελόντας
- all’ epoioûnto eirḗnēn eph’ hôi tá te makrà teíkhē kaì tòn Peiraiâ kathelóntas
- They offered to make peace on the condition that the Athenians destroy the long walls and the walls of Piraeus.
- ἀλλ’ ἐποιοῦντο εἰρήνην ἐφ’ ᾧ τά τε μακρὰ τείχη καὶ τὸν Πειραιᾶ καθελόντας
- for (i.e. in exchange for)
- (of a name) for
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, R 470b:
- ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν τῇ τοῦ οἰκείου ἔχθρᾳ στάσις κέκληται, ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ τοῦ ἀλλοτρίου πόλεμος
- epì mèn oûn têi toû oikeíou ékhthrāi stásis kéklētai, epì dè têi toû allotríou pólemos
- Now the term employed for the hostility of the friendly is faction, and for that of the alien is war.
- ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν τῇ τοῦ οἰκείου ἔχθρᾳ στάσις κέκληται, ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ τοῦ ἀλλοτρίου πόλεμος
- in charge of
- on, upon
- (+ accusative)
- onto (the upper surface of)
- ἀνέβαινεν ἐπὶ τὸν ἵππον
- anébainen epì tòn híppon
- He got up onto the horse.
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.131.2:
- οἳ δὲ νομίζουσι Διὶ μὲν ἐπὶ τὰ ὑψηλότατα τῶν ὀρέων ἀναβαίνοντες θυσίας ἔρδειν
- hoì dè nomízousi Diì mèn epì tà hupsēlótata tôn oréōn anabaínontes thusías érdein
- They are accustomed to go up onto the highest peaks of the mountains to offer sacrifices to Zeus.
- οἳ δὲ νομίζουσι Διὶ μὲν ἐπὶ τὰ ὑψηλότατα τῶν ὀρέων ἀναβαίνοντες θυσίας ἔρδειν
- to
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.421:
- αἳ δ’ ὅτ’ Ἀλεξάνδροιο δόμον περικαλλέ’ ἵκοντο, ἀμφίπολοι μὲν ἔπειτα θοῶς ἐπὶ ἔργα τράποντο
- haì d’ hót’ Alexándroio dómon perikallé’ híkonto, amphípoloi mèn épeita thoôs epì érga tráponto
- Now when they were come to the beautiful palace of Alexander, the handmaids turned forthwith to their tasks.
- αἳ δ’ ὅτ’ Ἀλεξάνδροιο δόμον περικαλλέ’ ἵκοντο, ἀμφίπολοι μὲν ἔπειτα θοῶς ἐπὶ ἔργα τράποντο
- up to, as far as
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.181.1:
- ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς θηριώδεος ὀφρύη ψάμμης κατήκει παρατείνουσα ἀπὸ Θηβέων τῶν Αἰγυπτιέων ἐπ’ Ἡρακλέας στήλας
- hupèr dè tês thēriṓdeos ophrúē psámmēs katḗkei parateínousa apò Thēbéōn tôn Aiguptiéōn ep’ Hērakléas stḗlas
- Beyond this wild beasts' haunt runs a ridge of sand that stretches from Thebes of Egypt up to the Pillars of Heracles.
- ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς θηριώδεος ὀφρύη ψάμμης κατήκει παρατείνουσα ἀπὸ Θηβέων τῶν Αἰγυπτιέων ἐπ’ Ἡρακλέας στήλας
- (with a person) to before, into the presence of
- 70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 10:18:
- καὶ ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνας δὲ καὶ βασιλεῖς ἀχθήσεσθε ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ
- kaì epì hēgemónas dè kaì basileîs akhthḗsesthe héneken emoû
- Yes, and you will be brought before governors and kings for my sake.
- καὶ ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνας δὲ καὶ βασιλεῖς ἀχθήσεσθε ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ
- (of an army) deep
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.93:
- ἐπ’ ἀσπίδας δὲ πέντε μὲν καὶ εἴκοσι Θηβαῖοι ἐτάξαντο
- ep’ aspídas dè pénte mèn kaì eíkosi Thēbaîoi etáxanto
- The Thebans formed twenty-five shields deep.
- ἐπ’ ἀσπίδας δὲ πέντε μὲν καὶ εἴκοσι Θηβαῖοι ἐτάξαντο
- to or into a certain side
- against
- over
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.159:
- οὕτω δὴ οἶκον δὲ φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν / Ἀργεῖοι φεύξονται ἐπ’ εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσης
- hoútō dḕ oîkon dè phílēn es patrída gaîan / Argeîoi pheúxontai ep’ euréa nôta thalássēs
- Is it thus indeed that the Argives are to flee their dear native land over the broad back of the sea?
- οὕτω δὴ οἶκον δὲ φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν / Ἀργεῖοι φεύξονται ἐπ’ εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσης
- (of time) for, during
- (of time) up to, until
- for (the purpose of)
- for (with respect to)
- over (in command of)
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.58:
- ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς πεζοὺς τῶν ὁμοτίμων ἀνθ’ αὑτοῦ ἕκαστον καθιστάναι ἄλλον ἄρχοντα τῶν ὁμοτίμων
- epì dè toùs pezoùs tôn homotímōn anth’ hautoû hékaston kathistánai állon árkhonta tôn homotímōn
- He also instructed each one of the newly-mounted officers to appoint some other peer to take his place of command over the infantry of the peers.
- ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς πεζοὺς τῶν ὁμοτίμων ἀνθ’ αὑτοῦ ἕκαστον καθιστάναι ἄλλον ἄρχοντα τῶν ὁμοτίμων
- onto (the upper surface of)
- (without a noun) as well, besides (often with δέ (dé))
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.529:
- οἳ μὲν τὰ προϊδόντες ἐπέδραμον, ὦκα δ’ ἔπειτα / τάμνοντ’ ἀμφὶ βοῶν ἀγέλας καὶ πώεα καλὰ / ἀργεννέων οἰῶν, κτεῖνον δ’ ἐπὶ μηλοβοτῆρας
- hoì mèn tà proïdóntes epédramon, ôka d’ épeita / támnont’ amphì boôn agélas kaì pṓea kalà / argennéōn oiôn, kteînon d’ epì mēlobotêras
- But the liers-in-wait, when they saw these coming on, rushed forth against them and speedily cut off the herds of cattle and fair flocks of white-fleeced sheep, and slew the herdsmen as well.
- οἳ μὲν τὰ προϊδόντες ἐπέδραμον, ὦκα δ’ ἔπειτα / τάμνοντ’ ἀμφὶ βοῶν ἀγέλας καὶ πώεα καλὰ / ἀργεννέων οἰῶν, κτεῖνον δ’ ἐπὶ μηλοβοτῆρας
For usage in composition, see ἐπι- (epi-).
Derived terms
► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_words_prefixed_with_%E1%BC%90%CF%80%CE%B9-' title='Category:Ancient Greek words prefixed with ἐπι-'>Ancient Greek words prefixed with ἐπι-</a>
Descendants
- Greek: επί (epí)
References
- ἐπί in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ἐπί in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- ἐπί in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- ἐπί in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- ἐπί in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- ἐπί in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G1909 in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible, 1979
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- aboard idem, page 2.
- about idem, page 2.
- addition idem, page 11.
- address idem, page 11.
- after idem, page 17.
- against idem, page 18.
- angry idem, page 29.
- arrive idem, page 41.
- as idem, page 42.
- at idem, page 48.
- attack idem, page 49.
- beside idem, page 75.
- board idem, page 86.
- by idem, page 107.
- change idem, page 123.
- charge idem, page 125.
- delight idem, page 208.
- depend idem, page 211.
- deride idem, page 214.
- direction idem, page 226.
- enjoy idem, page 275.
- exult idem, page 298.
- fall idem, page 303.
- fetch idem, page 317.
- finishing idem, page 322.
- for idem, page 334.
- frequent idem, page 344.
- gaze idem, page 355.
- glory in idem, page 363.
- hate idem, page 388.
- haunt idem, page 388.
- head idem, page 389.
- invade idem, page 456.
- joy idem, page 464.
- laugh idem, page 478.
- lean idem, page 482.
- look idem, page 498.
- make idem, page 508.
- mercy idem, page 525.
- mock idem, page 537.
- mount idem, page 543.
- muster idem, page 548.
- near idem, page 553.
- on idem, page 573.
- over idem, page 584.
- pass idem, page 595.
- patronise idem, page 599.
- please idem, page 619.
- plume oneself (on) idem, page 621.
- power idem, page 630.
- price idem, page 640.
- pride idem, page 640.
- proud idem, page 653.
- pursuit idem, page 659.
- put idem, page 660.
- rate idem, page 673.
- reach idem, page 675.
- rejoice idem, page 689.
- sail idem, page 731.
- scale idem, page 736.
- scan idem, page 737.
- scoff idem, page 740.
- send idem, page 751.
- study idem, page 829.
- sympathise idem, page 850.
- tend idem, page 861.
- time idem, page 875.
- to idem, page 878.
- top idem, page 881.
- towards idem, page 884.
- triumph idem, page 896.
- turn idem, page 901.
- up idem, page 937.
- upon idem, page 938.
- vaunt idem, page 945.
- vex idem, page 949.
- visit idem, page 954.
- weep idem, page 972.
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 440
- Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920), “Part IV: Syntax”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 1689
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