χάος

Ancient Greek

Pronunciation
 

Etymology 1

Uncertain. Has traditionally been connected to χαίνω (khaínō), χάσκω (kháskō, “I gape, yawn”) (< Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂-) or χώρα (khṓra, “open space, place”). Beekes additionally compares Baltic and Germanic words for “palate”: Old High German guomo, goumo, Old Norse gómr, Lithuanian gomurỹs < ? PIE *ǵʰeh₂-mn-.

Noun

χᾰ́ος • (kháos) n (genitive χᾰ́εος or χᾰ́ους); third declension

  1. the primordial state of existence
  2. space, air
  3. abyss, chasm
  4. infinite darkness
Declension

Normally, only in singular; but χάη occasionally found.

Third declension of τὸ χᾰ́ος; τοῦ χᾰ́ους (Attic)
Case / # Singular Dual Plural
Nominative τὸ χᾰ́ος
tò kháos		 τὼ χᾰ́ει
tṑ kháei		 τᾰ̀ χᾰ́η
tà kháē
Genitive τοῦ χᾰ́ους
toû kháous		 τοῖν χᾰοῖν
toîn khaoîn		 τῶν χᾰῶν
tôn khaôn
Dative τῷ χᾰ́ει
tôi kháei		 τοῖν χᾰοῖν
toîn khaoîn		 τοῖς χᾰ́εσῐ / χᾰ́εσῐν
toîs kháesi(n)
Accusative τὸ χᾰ́ος
tò kháos		 τὼ χᾰ́ει
tṑ kháei		 τᾰ̀ χᾰ́η
tà kháē
Vocative χᾰ́ος
kháos		 χᾰ́ει
kháei		 χᾰ́η
kháē
Notes:
  • This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.
Descendants

Etymology 2

Adjective

χᾰ́ος • (kháos) m or f (neuter χᾰ́ον); second declension

  1. Alternative spelling of χάϊος (kháïos) "genuine, true"
Declension
Second declension of χᾰ́ος; χᾰ́ον (Attic)
Number Singular Dual Plural
Case/Gender Masculine / Feminine Neuter Masculine / Feminine Neuter Masculine / Feminine Neuter
Nominative χᾰ́ος
kháos		 χᾰ́ον
kháon		 χᾰ́ω
kháō		 χᾰ́ω
kháō		 χᾰ́οι
kháoi		 χᾰ́ᾰ
kháa
Genitive χᾰ́ου
kháou		 χᾰ́ου
kháou		 χᾰ́οιν
kháoin		 χᾰ́οιν
kháoin		 χᾰ́ων
kháōn		 χᾰ́ων
kháōn
Dative χᾰ́ῳ
kháōi		 χᾰ́ῳ
kháōi		 χᾰ́οιν
kháoin		 χᾰ́οιν
kháoin		 χᾰ́οις
kháois		 χᾰ́οις
kháois
Accusative χᾰ́ον
kháon		 χᾰ́ον
kháon		 χᾰ́ω
kháō		 χᾰ́ω
kháō		 χᾰ́ους
kháous		 χᾰ́ᾰ
kháa
Vocative χᾰ́ε
kháe		 χᾰ́ον
kháon		 χᾰ́ω
kháō		 χᾰ́ω
kháō		 χᾰ́οι
kháoi		 χᾰ́ᾰ
kháa
Derived forms Adverb Comparative Superlative
χᾰ́ως
kháōs		 χᾰώτερος
khaṓteros		 χᾰώτᾰτος
khaṓtatos
Notes:
  • This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Further reading
  • χάος in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • χάος in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • χάος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
  • Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, page 1,006
  • Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χάος, -εος, -ους”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 1614

Greek

Etymology

Ancient Greek χάος (kháos). For sense disorder, mess, semantic loan from French chaos (in that sense) from Latin chaos, from Ancient Greek χάος.[1]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈxaos/
  • Hyphenation: χά‧ος

Noun

χάος • (cháos) n

  1. (singular only) chaos
  2. (singular only, figuratively) disorder, mess
  3. (singular only, mathematics) chaos

Usage notes
  • Normally, there is no plural: no τα χάη (“the chaoses”). But poets[2], can conceive them:
    Φύγε κι ἄσε με μοναχό, ποὺ βλέπω νὰ πληθαίνη
    ἀπάνω ἡ νύχτα, καὶ βαθιὰ νὰ γίνωνται τὰ χάη.
    Phúge ki áse me monakhó, poù blépō nà plēthaínē
    apánō hē núkhta, kaì bathià nà gínōntai tà kháē.
    Go and leave me alone looking at the growing
    night upon [me], and the deepening chaoses.
    Kostas Karyotakis, poem Go, my heart is nostlagic from collection 'Elegies and Satires', published in 1927. (Greek text)

Declension
Declension of χάος (cháos)
singular
nominative χάος •
genitive χάους •
accusative χάος •
vocative χάος •
Plural χάη, only in poetry.

Synonyms

Derived terms
  • η θεωρία του χάους (i theoría tou cháous, “the chaos theory”) (mathematics)
  • χαοτικός (chaotikós, “chaotic”)

References
  1. χάος in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], 1998, by the "Triantafyllidis" Foundation.
  2. χάη in greek poetry at greek-language.gr retr:2018.09.24.

Further reading
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