zꜣw

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

 m

  1. magician [since the Middle Kingdom]
    • c. 1550 BCE, Ebers Papyrus, 99, 2-4:





















      jr nw rḏjw zjnw nb sḫmt-wꜥb
      nb zꜣw nb ꜥwj ḏbꜥw.f ḥr tp ḥr mkḥꜣ ḥr ḏrwt ḥr st jb ḥr
      ꜥwj ḥr rdwj nb ḫꜣ.f n ḥꜣtj
      As for these [the blood vessels], if any doctor, any wab-priest of Sekhmet,
      or any magician places two hands or his fingers on the head, or on the back of the head, or on the hands, or on the place of the heart, or on
      the two arms, or on each of the two legs, he examines the heart [i.e. the pulse].
Inflection
Declension of zꜣw (masculine)
singular zꜣw
dual zꜣwwj
plural zꜣww

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Verb

 3ae inf.

  1. (transitive) to guard, to protect
  2. (reflexive) to beware, to guard oneself against
  3. (transitive, in a noun clause, with a subjunctive verb as object) lest
Inflection
Conjugation of zꜣw (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: zꜣ, geminated stem: zꜣꜣ
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
zꜣt, zꜣj
 zꜣw, zꜣ
 zꜣt, zꜣwt, zꜣyt
 zꜣ
 zꜣ, zꜣy
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
zꜣ8, zꜣꜣ8
 ḥr zꜣt, ḥr zꜣj
 m zꜣt, m zꜣj
 r zꜣt, r zꜣj
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect zꜣ.n
 zꜣw, zꜣ, zꜣy
 consecutive zꜣ.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative zꜣt, zꜣyt
perfective3 zꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative zꜣ.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective zꜣ, zꜣy
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 zꜣw, zꜣ, zꜣy
 zꜣw, zꜣ, zꜣy
 potentialis zꜣ.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive zꜣ, zꜣy
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect zꜣ.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective zꜣw1, zꜣy, zꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 zꜣ
 zꜣy, zꜣ
imperfective zꜣꜣ, zꜣꜣy, zꜣꜣw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 zꜣꜣ, zꜣꜣj6, zꜣꜣy6
 zꜣꜣ, zꜣꜣw5
prospective zꜣw1, zꜣy, zꜣ, zꜣtj7
 — zꜣwtj1 4, zꜣtj4, zꜣt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.
  8. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Etymology 3

Most likely derived from a form of the verb zꜣw (“to guard, to protect”), possibly via an earlier form *zꜣyw.

Pronunciation

Proper noun

 m./f. topo.

  1. Saïs, a city in Lower Egypt
Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of zꜣw  

zꜣy zꜣ
[20th Dynasty] [New Kingdom]
from Papyrus Chester Beatty I
Descendants
  • → Akkadian: 𒌷𒊓𒀀𒀀 (ālusa-a-a /*saya/)
  • → Ancient Greek: Σάϊς (Sáïs)
    • Greek: Σάις (Sáis)
    • Latin: Saïs
  • Demotic: sy
    • Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲁ (sa)
    • Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲓ (sai)

References
  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, 257 page 156, 257.
  • Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 420
  • Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 182
  • Erichsen, Wolja (1954) Demotisches Glossar, Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, page 408
  • Janet H. Johnson, editor (2001) The Demotic Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago‎, volume S (13.1), Chicago: The University of Chicago, page 44
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