sweren
Middle Dutch
Etymology 1
From Old Dutch sweren, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *swer-.
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Alternative forms
- swerren
Etymology 2
From Old Dutch *sweran, from Proto-Germanic *sweraną.
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Descendants
- Dutch: zweren
Further reading
- “sweren (III)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- “sweren (IV)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- “sweren (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, 1929
- “sweren (II)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, 1929
Middle English
Etymology
From Old English swerian, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną; a cognate of Middle Low German sweren, Old Swedish sværia, Old Danish swæriæ, Middle Dutch swēren, and Middle High German swern.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈswɛːrən/, /ˈswɛːriən/
Verb
sweren
- To swear to do something; to make a oral binding statement.
- To swear while laying hands on something as confirmation.
- To swear by using a deity or divinity as witness.
- To swear to remain truthful, honest and trustworthy.
- To swear to adhere or remain faithful to a given person.
- (rare) To give approval or permission by swearing.
- To give witness in a legal or judicial context.
- To curse; to utter swearwords (especially as part of a promise)
- To approve or affirm a a oral binding statement.
- To form a conspiracy or secret pact; to effect covertly.
- To make a decisive and important statement or claim.
- (rare) To claim or exclaim; to state.
- (rare) To lay the foundation for a religion.
Conjugation
Conjugation of sweren (strong class 6)
infinitive | (to) sweren | |
---|---|---|
indicative | present | past |
1st person singular | swere | swore, sware |
2nd person singular | swerest | swore, *sworest |
3rd person singular | swereþ, swereth | swore, sware |
plural | sweren | swore(n), sware(n) |
subjunctive | present | past |
singular | swere | swore, sware |
plural | sweren | swore(n), sware(n) |
imperative | present | |
singular | swere | |
plural | swereþ, swereth | |
participle | present | past |
swerende, sweringe | (i)swore(n), sworn |
Usage notes
Occasional weak forms are also found throughout the Middle English period.
References
- “swēren (v.)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-12-3.
Old Dutch
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *swarjaną.
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Derived terms
Old High German
Alternative forms
- swerien, swerren
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *swarjaną, whence also Old Saxon swerian, Old English swerian, Old Norse sverja, Gothic 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 (swaran). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *swer-.
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