oser
French
Etymology
From Old French oser, from Vulgar Latin *ausō, *ausāre, from Latin ausus, perfect active participle of audeō, from Proto-Italic *awidēō (“to be greedy, want very much”). Compare Occitan ausar, Catalan gosar, Italian osare, Spanish osar, Portuguese ousar.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /o.ze/
audio (file)
Verb
oser
- to dare
- Je n'ose pas lui dire la vérité.
- I don't dare tell him the truth.
- (Switzerland) to be allowed to
Conjugation
Conjugation of oser (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| present participle | osant /o.zɑ̃/ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past participle | osé /o.ze/ | ||||||
| infinitive | |||||||
| simple | oser | ||||||
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| gerund1 | |||||||
| simple | osant /o.zɑ̃/ | ||||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | ose /oz/ |
oses /oz/ |
ose /oz/ |
osons /o.zɔ̃/ |
osez /o.ze/ |
osent /oz/ |
| imperfect | osais /o.zɛ/ |
osais /o.zɛ/ |
osait /o.zɛ/ |
osions /o.zjɔ̃/ |
osiez /o.zje/ |
osaient /o.zɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | osai /o.ze/ |
osas /o.za/ |
osa /o.za/ |
osâmes /o.zam/ |
osâtes /o.zat/ |
osèrent /o.zɛʁ/ | |
| future | oserai /oz.ʁe/ |
oseras /oz.ʁa/ |
osera /oz.ʁa/ |
oserons /oz.ʁɔ̃/ |
oserez /oz.ʁe/ |
oseront /oz.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | oserais /oz.ʁɛ/ |
oserais /oz.ʁɛ/ |
oserait /oz.ʁɛ/ |
oserions /o.zə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
oseriez /o.zə.ʁje/ |
oseraient /oz.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | ose /oz/ |
oses /oz/ |
ose /oz/ |
osions /o.zjɔ̃/ |
osiez /o.zje/ |
osent /oz/ |
| imperfect2 | osasse /o.zas/ |
osasses /o.zas/ |
osât /o.za/ |
osassions /o.za.sjɔ̃/ |
osassiez /o.za.sje/ |
osassent /o.zas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | ose /oz/ |
— | osons /o.zɔ̃/ |
osez /o.ze/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 Only usable with preposition en. | |||||||
| 2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Related terms
Further reading
- “oser” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
Old French
Etymology
From Vulgar Latin *ausō, *ausāre, from Latin ausus, perfect active participle of audeō.
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. The forms that would normally end in *-ss, *-st are modified to s, st. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of oser (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | oser | avoir osé | |||||
| gerund | en osant | Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| present participle | osant | ||||||
| past participle | osé | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
| simple tenses |
present | os | oses | ose | osons | osez | osent |
| imperfect | osoie, oseie, osoe, oseve | osoies, oseies, osoes, oseves | osoit, oseit, osot, oseve | osiiens, osiens | osiiez, osiez | osoient, oseient, osoent, osevent | |
| preterite | osai | osas | osa | osames | osastes | oserent | |
| future | oserai | oseras | osera | oserons | oseroiz, osereiz, oserez | oseront | |
| conditional | oseroie, osereie | oseroies, osereies | oseroit, osereit | oseriiens, oseriens | oseriiez, oseriez | oseroient, osereient | |
| compound tenses |
present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
| simple tenses |
present | os | os | ost | osons | osez | osent |
| imperfect | osasse | osasses | osast | osissons, osissiens | osissoiz, osissez, osissiez | osassent | |
| compound tenses |
past | Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
| — | ose | — | osons | osez | — | ||
Descendants
- French: oser
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