garbh

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish garb, from Proto-Celtic *garwos (compare Welsh garw (“coarse”)).

Pronunciation
  • (Munster) IPA(key): /ˈɡɑɾˠəvˠ/
  • (Galway) IPA(key): /ˈɡaɾˠəvˠ/
  • (Mayo) IPA(key): /ˈɡaɾˠuː/
  • (Ulster) IPA(key): /ˈɡaɾˠu/

Adjective

garbh (genitive singular masculine gairbh, genitive singular feminine gairbhe, plural garbha, comparative gairbhe)

  1. rough
    1. uneven, rugged; coarse in texture
    2. coarse, gross
    3. ungentle, harsh, crude, violent
    4. unfinished, unpolished, inexact, approximate

Declension
Declension of garbh
Singular Plural (m/f)
Positive Masculine Feminine (strong noun) (weak noun)
Nominative garbh gharbh garbha;
gharbha²
Vocative ghairbh garbha
Genitive gairbhe garbha garbh
Dative garbh;
gharbh¹		 gharbh;
ghairbh (archaic)		 garbha;
gharbha²
Comparative níos gairbhe
Superlative is gairbhe

¹ When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article.
² When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.

Derived terms
  • garbhaigh (“roughen; become rough”, verb)
  • garbhán m (“coarse substance; coarse-grained object or person”)
  • garbhanálú m (“rough breathing”)
  • garbh-bhéal m (“coarse mouth; coarse speech”)
  • garbhchiumhaiseach (“rough-edged; deckle-edged”, adjective)
  • garbhchloch f (“rough, uncut, stone”)
  • garbhchríoch f (“rough boundary; rough region”)
  • garbhchumtha (“rough-shaped; rugged-featured”, adjective)
  • garbhdhéanta (“rough-made, coarse; rugged-featured”, adjective)
  • garbhghlórach (“rough-spoken, raucous”, adjective)
  • garbhghnúiseach (“rough-visaged”, adjective)
  • garbhiarann m (“pig-iron”)
  • garbhiasc m (“large sea-fish”)
  • garbhlabhartha (“rough-spoken”, adjective)
  • garbhlach m (“rough ground”)
  • garbhlus m (“goose grass; catchweed, cleavers”)
  • garbhóg f (“coarse object or person”)
  • garbhphlána m (“jack-plane”)
  • garbhshíon f (“rough weather”)
  • garbhshnoigh (“rough-hew”, transitive verb)
  • garbhtheilg (“rough-cast”, transitive verb)
  • garbhuille m (“approach shot”)
  • adhgharbh (“very rough”, adjective)
  • gairbhe f (“roughness, coarseness; grossness, largeness”)
  • garbhadas m (“roughness, coarseness; violence; rough weather”)
  • garbhánach m (“coarse-grained person; sea-bream”)
  • garbhánta (“coarse-grained, coarse-fibred”, adjective)
  • garbhántacht f (“coarseness (of grain, fibre); roughness, wildness”)
  • garbhógach f (“club moss”)
  • garbhtheilgean m (“rough-cast”)

Verb

garbh (present analytic garbhann, future analytic garbhfaidh, verbal noun garbhadh, past participle garfa)

  1. (transitive, intransitive) Alternative form of garbhaigh (“roughen; become rough”)

Conjugation
First Conjugation (A)
singular plural relative autonomous
first second third first second third
indicative present garbhaim garbhann tú;
garbhair†		 garbhann sé, sí garbhaimid garbhann sibh garbhann siad;
garbhaid†		 a gharbhann; a gharbhas /
a ngarbhann*; a ngarbhas*		 garbhtar
past gharbh mé; gharbhas gharbh tú; gharbhais gharbh sé, sí gharbhamar; gharbh muid gharbh sibh; gharbhabhair gharbh siad; gharbhadar a gharbh /
ar gharbh*		 garbhadh
past habitual gharbhainn gharbhtá gharbhadh sé, sí gharbhaimis; gharbhadh muid gharbhadh sibh gharbhaidís; gharbhadh siad a gharbhadh /
ar gharbhadh*		 gharbhtaí
future garbhfaidh mé;
garbhfad		 garbhfaidh tú;
garbhfair†		 garbhfaidh sé, sí garbhfaimid;
garbhfaidh muid		 garbhfaidh sibh garbhfaidh siad;
garbhfaid†		 a gharbhfaidh; a gharbhfas /
a ngarbhfaidh*; a ngarbhfas*		 garbhfar
conditional gharbhfainn / ngarbhfainn‡‡ gharbhfá / ngarbhfᇇ gharbhfadh sé, sí / ngarbhfadh sé, s퇇 gharbhfaimis; gharbhfadh muid / ngarbhfaimis‡‡; ngarbhfadh muid‡‡ gharbhfadh sibh / ngarbhfadh sibh‡‡ gharbhfaidís; gharbhfadh siad / ngarbhfaidís‡‡; ngarbhfadh siad‡‡ a gharbhfadh /
ar gharbhfadh*		 gharbhfaí / ngarbhfa퇇
subjunctive present go ngarbha mé;
go ngarbhad†		 go ngarbha tú;
go ngarbhair†		 go ngarbha sé, sí go ngarbhaimid;
go ngarbha muid		 go ngarbha sibh go ngarbha siad;
go ngarbhaid†		 — go ngarbhtar
past dá ngarbhainn dá ngarbhtá dá ngarbhadh sé, sí dá ngarbhaimis;
dá ngarbhadh muid		 dá ngarbhadh sibh dá ngarbhaidís;
dá ngarbhadh siad		 — dá ngarbhtaí
imperative garbhaim garbh garbhadh sé, sí garbhaimis garbhaigí;
garbhaidh†		 garbhaidís — garbhtar
verbal noun garbhadh
past participle garfa

* Indirect relative
† Archaic or dialect form
‡‡ Dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation
Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Eclipsis
garbh gharbh ngarbh
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading
  • "garbh" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
  • “1 garb” in Dictionary of the Irish Language, Royal Irish Academy, 1913–76.

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish garb, from Proto-Celtic *garwos (compare Welsh garw (“coarse”)).

Adjective

garbh

  1. rough (as in a rough surface)

Mutation
Scottish Gaelic mutation
RadicalLenition
garbhgharbh
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References
  • “1 garb” in Dictionary of the Irish Language, Royal Irish Academy, 1913–76.
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