crier
English
Pronunciation
- Rhymes: -aɪə(ɹ)
Noun
crier (plural criers)
- One who cries.
- 1967, Richard M. Elman, The 28th day of Elul (page 94)
- Once again she had been stricken, beaten down, so violated that to give utterance to her feelings might have outshrilled all the criers in hell.
- 1967, Richard M. Elman, The 28th day of Elul (page 94)
- An officer who proclaims the orders or directions of a court, or who gives public notice by loud proclamation, such as a town crier.
Translations
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Aromanian
Alternative forms
- crieru, criel, crielu
Etymology
Probably from Latin cerebrum through a Vulgar Latin root *crebrum or possibly from the diminutive form cerebellum through a root *crebellum (compare the variant form, also found in Megleno-Romanian, which seems to still preserve the -l-). Compare Daco-Romanian creier.
French
Etymology
From Middle French crier, from Old French crier, crider, from Medieval Latin crīdāre (“to clamour, cry out, publish, proclaim”) (compare Spanish gritar, Catalan and Occitan cridar, Italian gridare). Perhaps from Latin quiritare (“to shriek, wail”) (--Diez), or from Frankish *krītan (“to cry out, shout, proclaim”), from Proto-Germanic *krītaną (“to cry out, shout”), from Proto-Indo-European *greyd- (“to shout”). Akin to Middle Dutch crīten, krīten (Dutch krijten "to cry, cry out"), Middle Low German krîten "to shriek, cry out", Middle High German krīzen "to cry out loudly" (German kreissen "to wail in childbirth").
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kʁi.je/
audio (file)
Conjugation
present participle | criant /kʁi.jɑ̃/ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past participle | crié /kʁi.je/ | ||||||
infinitive | |||||||
simple | crier | ||||||
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
gerund1 | |||||||
simple | criant /kʁi.jɑ̃/ | ||||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | crie /kʁi/ |
cries /kʁi/ |
crie /kʁi/ |
crions /kʁi.jɔ̃/ |
criez /kʁi.je/ |
crient /kʁi/ |
imperfect | criais /kʁi.jɛ/ |
criais /kʁi.jɛ/ |
criait /kʁi.jɛ/ |
criions /kʁi.jɔ̃/ |
criiez /kʁi.je/ |
criaient /kʁi.jɛ/ | |
past historic2 | criai /kʁi.je/ |
crias /kʁi.ja/ |
cria /kʁi.ja/ |
criâmes /kʁi.jam/ |
criâtes /kʁi.jat/ |
crièrent /kʁi.jɛʁ/ | |
future | crierai /kʁi.ʁe/ |
crieras /kʁi.ʁa/ |
criera /kʁi.ʁa/ |
crierons /kʁi.ʁɔ̃/ |
crierez /kʁi.ʁe/ |
crieront /kʁi.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | crierais /kʁi.ʁɛ/ |
crierais /kʁi.ʁɛ/ |
crierait /kʁi.ʁɛ/ |
crierions /kʁi.ʁjɔ̃/ |
crieriez /kʁi.ʁje/ |
crieraient /kʁi.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | crie /kʁi/ |
cries /kʁi/ |
crie /kʁi/ |
criions /kʁi.jɔ̃/ |
criiez /kʁi.je/ |
crient /kʁi/ |
imperfect2 | criasse /kʁi.jas/ |
criasses /kʁi.jas/ |
criât /kʁi.ja/ |
criassions /kʁi.ja.sjɔ̃/ |
criassiez /kʁi.ja.sje/ |
criassent /kʁi.jas/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | crie /kʁi/ |
— | crions /kʁi.jɔ̃/ |
criez /kʁi.je/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 Only usable with preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Further reading
- “crier” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
Norman
Etymology
From Old French crier, from Medieval Latin crīdāre (“to clamour, cry out, publish, proclaim”).
Old French
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Medieval Latin crīdāre (“to clamour, cry out, publish, proclaim”), from Frankish *krītan (“to cry out, shout, proclaim”), from Proto-Germanic *krītaną (“to cry out, shout”), from Proto-Indo-European *greyd- (“to shout”). Akin to Middle Dutch crīten, krīten (Dutch kryten, krijten "to cry, cry out"), Middle Low German krîten "to shriek, cry out", Middle High German krīzen "to cry out loudly" (German kreissen "to wail in childbirth").
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | crier | avoir crïé | |||||
gerund | en criant | Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
present participle | criant | ||||||
past participle | crïé | ||||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
simple tenses |
present | cri | crïes | crïe | crions | crïez | crïent |
imperfect | crioie, crïeie, crioe, crïeve | crioies, crïeies, crioes, crïeves | crioit, crïeit, criot, crïeve | criiiens, criiens | criiiez, criiez | crioient, crïeient, crioent, crïevent | |
preterite | criai | crias | cria | criames | criastes | crïerent | |
future | crïerai | crïeras | crïera | crïerons | crïeroiz, crïereiz, crïerez | crïeront | |
conditional | crïeroie, crïereie | crïeroies, crïereies | crïeroit, crïereit | crïeriiens, crïeriens | crïeriiez, crïeriez | crïeroient, crïereient | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
past anterior | Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
simple tenses |
present | cri | cris | crit | crions | crïez | crïent |
imperfect | criasse | criasses | criast | criissons, criissiens | criissoiz, criissez, criissiez | criassent | |
compound tenses |
past | Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
pluperfect | Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
— | crïe | — | crions | crïez | — |