Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/wáȷ́ras

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be strong, to be lively”).

Adjective

*wáȷ́ras

strong, hard

Noun

*wáȷ́ras m

a mace, club or any such weapon

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wáȷ́ras	*wáȷ́rā	*wáȷ́rā, -ās(as)
vocative	*wáȷ́ra	*wáȷ́rā	*wáȷ́rā, -ās(as)
accusative	*wáȷ́ram	*wáȷ́rā	*wáȷ́rāns
instrumental	*wáȷ́rā	*wáȷ́raybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*wáȷ́rāyš
ablative	*wáȷ́rāt	*wáȷ́raybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*wáȷ́raybʰyas
dative	*wáȷ́rāy	*wáȷ́raybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*wáȷ́raybʰyas
genitive	*wáȷ́rasya	*wáȷ́rayās	*wáȷ́rāna(H)m
locative	*wáȷ́ray	*wáȷ́rayaw	*wáȷ́rayšu

Derived terms

*wáĵrakas (“strong; endowed with strength”)
- Indo-Aryan: *wáȷ́rakas
  - Sanskrit: वज्रक (vájraka, “diamond”)
- Iranian: *wáĵrakah
  - Old Median: *vazṛka-
    - → Old Persian: 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣 (vazạrka)
      - Middle Persian: 𐭥𐭰𐭥𐭫𐭢‎ (ʿcʿlg /wuzurg/)
        Classical Persian: بزرگ‎ (buzurg, “large, big, great”)
        → Alviri-Vidari: بزرگ‎
        
        → Hindi: बुज़ुर्ग (buzurg, “elderly”)
        
        Tajik: бузург (buzurg)
        
        → Old Armenian: վզուրկ (vzurk)
  - Parthian: 𐫇𐫉𐫡𐫃‎ (wzrg /wuzurg/)

Descendants

Indo-Aryan: *wáȷ́ras
- Sanskrit: वज्र (vájra, “hard; the mace of Indra; thunderbolt; diamond”)
  - Hindi: वज्र (vajra), बज्र (bajra)
  - Bengali: বজ্র (bôjr)
  - → English: vajra
  - → Malay: bajra
  - → Telugu: వజ్రం (vajraṃ)
  - → Kannada: ವಜ್ರ (vajra)
- Middle Indo-Aryan:[1]
  - Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀯𑀇𑀭 (vaïra), 𑀯𑁂𑀭 (vera)
  - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀯𑀚𑁆𑀚 (vajja)
  - Pali: vajja
Iranian: *waĵrah
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬀‎ (vazra, “the mace of Mithra”)
  - → Middle Persian: wzl (wazr, “mace”), wlz (warz)
    - Classical Persian: گرز‎ (gurz)
      - Persian: گرز‎ (gorz)
      - Tajik: гурз (gurz)
      - → Armenian: գուրզ (gurz)
      - → Turkish: gürz
    - → Old Armenian: վարզ (varz)
→ Uralic: *waśara[2]
- Samic: *veačērē (“hammer”)
- Finnic: *vasara (“hammer”)
  - Finnish: vasara
- Mordvinic:
  - Erzya: узерь (uzerʹ, “axe”)
  - Moksha: узерь (uzerʹ, “axe”)

References

Richard Pischel (1900) Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen [Comparative Grammar Of The Prakrit Languages]‎, Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass, published 1957
Joki, Aulis J. (1973) Uralier und Indogermanen [Uralians and Indo-Europeans] (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 151) (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN

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[1] Richard Pischel (1900) Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen [Comparative Grammar Of The Prakrit Languages]‎, Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass, published 1957

[2] Joki, Aulis J. (1973) Uralier und Indogermanen [Uralians and Indo-Europeans] (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 151) (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN