< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/speḱ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*speḱ- [1][2][3][4][5]

  1. to see, to look, to observe

Descendants
  • Indo-Iranian: *spać-
    • Indo-Aryan: *spaś-
    • Iranian: *spać-
      • Bactrian: σπισ- (spis-), ασπισ- (aspis-), σαπισ- (sapis-)
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (spāśś-, “to look”)
      • Parthian: 𐫙𐫘𐫛‎ (ʿsp)
      • Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾspʾyš), [script needed] (ʾspyš), [script needed] (spyš), [script needed] (spxš)

Derived terms
► <a href='/wiki/Category:Terms_derived_from_the_PIE_root_*spe%E1%B8%B1-' title='Category:Terms derived from the PIE root *speḱ-'>Terms derived from the PIE root *speḱ-</a>
  • *spéḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • *spḱ-néw-ti ~ *spḱ-n̥w-énti (*new-present)
    • Indo-Iranian: *spaćnáwti
      • Iranian: *spaćnáwti
        • Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬎𐬚𐬁‎ (spašnuθā, 2pl.pres.ind.)
  • *spḗḱ-s-t ~ *spéḱ-s-n̥t (*s-perfective)
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: σκέψατο (sképsato)
    • Indo-Iranian:
      • Indo-Aryan:
        • Sanskrit: अस्पष्ट (áspaṣṭa)
    • Italic: *speksai
  • *spoḱ-éye-ti (causative)
    • Hellenic: *skopéyō (with metathesis)
    • Indo-Iranian: *spāćáyati
      • Indo-Aryan: *spāśáyati
        • Sanskrit: स्पाशयति (spāśáyati)
  • *spéḱ-s ~ *spḱ-és
  • *speḱ-u-
  • *speḱ-i-
  • *spoḱ-o-
  • *spoḱ-éh₂
    • Germanic: *spahō
      • Old Norse: spá
      • ⇒ Germanic: *spehōną (see there for further descendants)
    • Hellenic: *skopā́
  • *speḱ-mm̥
    • Italic: *spekmen
  • *speḱ-ti-
  • *spḱ-tós
    • Indo-Iranian: *spaštás
      • Indo-Aryan: *spaṣṭás
      • Iranian: *spaštáh
        • Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬀‎ (auuispašta)
        • Parthian: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫏𐫢𐫤‎ (ʿspyšt)
    • Italic: *spektos
      • Latin: spectus
      • Umbrian: 𐌔𐌐𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌄 (speture, dat.sg.)
  • *speḱ-tro-
  • *speḱ-tlo-
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Indo-Iranian: *spáćati
      • Indo-Aryan: *spáśati
        • Sanskrit: स्पशति (spáśati)
      • Iranian: *spáćati
        • Kurdish:
          • Central Kurdish: سپاس‎ (spas), سوپاس‎ (supas)
          • Northern Kurdish: spas
        • Middle Persian:
          Manichaean: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘‎ (ʾspʾs /aspās/, “service”), 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘‎ (ʿspʾs /ispās/, “service; thanks”)
          Book Pahlavi: spʾs (spās, “thanks, gratitude; service”)
          • Persian: سپاس‎ (sepâs) (see there for further descendants)
        • Parthian:
          • Manichaean: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫘‎ (ʾspʾs /aspās/, “service”)
        • Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾspʾs /(ə)spās/), [script needed] (spʾs /spās/, “service, worship, respect”)
        • → Old Armenian: սպաս (spas)

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “spek̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume III, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 984
  2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*spek̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 575-576
  3. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “speciō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 578-579
  4. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “σκέπτομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1347-1348
  5. Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*spas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 353-354
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