Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/néwos

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*néwyos

Etymology

From the hapax root *new-. Ultimately, suggested to be a vṛddhi derivation from *nu (“now”).

Adjective

*néwos (non-ablauting)

new

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*néwos	*néweh₂
genitive	*néwosyo	*néweh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*néwos	*néwoh₁	*néwoes
vocative	*néwe	*néwoh₁	*néwoes
accusative	*néwom	*néwoh₁	*néwoms
genitive	*néwosyo	*?	*néwooHom
ablative	*néwead	*?	*néwomos
dative	*néwoey	*?	*néwomos
locative	néwey, néwoy	*?	*néwoysu
instrumental	*néwoh₁	*?	*néwōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*néweh₂	*néweh₂h₁(e)	*néweh₂es
vocative	*néweh₂	*néweh₂h₁(e)	*néweh₂es
accusative	*néwām	*néweh₂h₁(e)	*néweh₂m̥s
genitive	*néweh₂s	*?	*néweh₂oHom
ablative	*néweh₂s	*?	*néweh₂mos
dative	*néweh₂ey	*?	*néweh₂mos
locative	néweh₂, néweh₂i	*?	*néweh₂su
instrumental	*néweh₂h₁	*?	*néweh₂bʰi
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*néwom	*néwoy(h₁)	*néweh₂
vocative	*néwom	*néwoy(h₁)	*néweh₂
accusative	*néwom	*néwoy(h₁)	*néweh₂
genitive	*néwosyo	*?	*néwooHom
ablative	*néwead	*?	*néwomos
dative	*néwoey	*?	*néwomos
locative	néwey, néwoy	*?	*néwoysu
instrumental	*néwoh₁	*?	*néwōys

Derived terms

*néweh₂ti

Descendants

Anatolian: *néwos
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: նոր (nor)
  - Armenian: նոր (nor)
Balto-Slavic: *nawas
Slavic: *novъ
- East Slavic:
  - Old East Slavic: новъ (novŭ)
    - Belarusian: но́вы (nóvy)
    - Russian: но́вый (nóvyj)
    - Ukrainian: нови́й (novýj)
- South Slavic:
  - Old Church Slavonic:
    Cyrillic: новъ (novŭ)
    Glagolitic: ⱀⱁⰲⱏ (novŭ)
  - Bulgarian: нов (nov)
  - Macedonian: нов (nov)
  - Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic: но̏в
    Roman: nȍv
  - Slovene: nȍv (tonal orthography)
- West Slavic:
  - Czech: nový
  - Kashubian: nowi
  - Polish: nowy
  - Slovak: nový
  - Sorbian:
    Upper Sorbian: nowy
    Lower Sorbian: nowy
Celtic: *nowyos
Hellenic: *néwos
- Ancient Greek: νέος (néos)
  - Greek: νέος (néos)
- Mycenaean Greek: 𐀚𐀺 (ne-wo /néwos/)
Indo-Iranian: *náwas
- Indo-Aryan: *náwas
  - Sanskrit: नव (náva)
    - Dardic: *náva
      - Dameli: [script needed] (nū̃a)
      - Gawar-Bati: [script needed] (nuṅga)
      - Kalami: [script needed] (nim)
      - Kalasha: [script needed] (nhok)
      - Kashmiri: [script needed] (novu)
      - Khowar: [script needed] (nog)
      - Kohistani Shina: [script needed] (nā)
      - Northeast Pashayi: [Term?] (nəgō)
      - Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (nūṅga)
      - Phalura: [script needed] (nāwu)
      - Shina: [script needed] (nāvu)
      - Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (nō̃ā)
      - Torwali: [script needed] (nam)
      - Wotapuri-Katarqalai: [script needed] (nam)
    - Helu:
      - Sinhalese: නව (nava)
    - Magadhi Prakrit:
      - Assamese: ন (no)
      - Bengali: ন (nô)
      - Oriya: ନୂଆ (nūa)
    - Maharastri Prakrit:
      - Konkani: नवें (navẽ)
      - Marathi: नवा (navā)
    - Punjabi: nava
    - Sauraseni Prakrit:
      - Gujarati: નવું (navũ)
      - Hindi: नवा (navā)
      - Marwari: नवा (navā)
      - Punjabi: ਨਵਾਂ (navā̃)
      - Sindhi: नंओं (nãõ)
- Iranian: *náwah
  - Central Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬥𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀‎ (nauua)
  - Northeastern Iranian:
    - Ossetian:
      Digor: нӕуӕг (næwæg)
      Iron: ног (nog)
    - Pashto: نوی‎ (në́vay, návay)
  - Northwestern Iranian:
    - Kurdish:
      - Central Kurdish: نوێ‎ (nwê)
      - Northern Kurdish: nû
    - Parthian:
      Manichaean: [Manichaean needed] (nwʾg /nōg/)
    - Zazaki: newe
  - → Old Armenian: նաւակատիք (nawakatikʿ), նաւասարդ (nawasard)
  - Southeastern Iranian:
    - Bactrian: νωγο (nōgo)
  - Southwestern Iranian:
    - Old Persian: [script needed] (*nava)
      - Middle Persian:
        Book Pahlavi: 𐭭𐭥𐭪𐭩‎ (nwk' /nōg/)
        Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫗𐫇𐫃‎ (nwg /nōg/)
        Persian: نو‎ (now)
Italic: *nowos
- Latin: novus
  - Aromanian: nãu, nou
  - Asturian: nuevu, ñuevu
  - Catalan: nou
  - Corsican: novu
  - Dalmatian: nuf
  - Extremaduran: nuevu
  - Franco-Provençal: nôf, nouveu
  - French: neuf, nouveau
  - Friulian: gnûf, gnûv
  - Galician: novo
  - Guinea-Bissau Creole: nobu, novu
  - Istriot: nuo
  - Italian: novo, nuovo
  - Kabuverdianu: nobu
  - Norman: neu, neuf
  - Ladin: nuef
  - Mirandese: nuobo
  - Neapolitan: nuovo
  - Occitan: nòu, nau
  - Papiamentu: nobo
  - Portuguese: novo
  - Romanian: nou
  - Romansch: nov, niev, nouv
  - Sardinian: nobu, nou, novu
  - Sicilian: novu
  - Spanish: nuevo
  - Venetian: novo, nóvo
  - Walloon: noû
- Oscan: 𐌍𐌞 (nú)
- Umbrian: [script needed] (nuvis)
Tocharian: *ñuwe

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