< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dyḗws

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From earlier *dyéws,[1] from *dyew- +‎ *-s.

Noun

*dyḗws m (oblique stem diw-)

  1. sky, heaven
  2. sky god

Inflection
Athematic, hysterokinetic
singular
nominative *dyḗws
genitive *diwés
singular dual plural
nominative *dyḗws *dyéwh₁(e) *dyéwes
vocative *dyéw *dyéwh₁(e) *dyéwes
accusative *dyḗm *dyéwh₁(e) *dyéwm̥s
genitive *diwés *? *diwóHom
ablative *diwés *? *diwmós
dative *diwéy *? *diwmós
locative *dyéw, *dyéwi *? *diwsú
instrumental *diwéh₁ *? *diwbʰí

Notes:

  • Acc. sg. dyḗm (< *dyéw-m per Stang's law).
  • Nom. sg. dyḗws (with ē from acc. case).
  • For the name of the deity, *ph₂tḗr (“father”) is often added as an apposition, which inflects as well.

Compare with the attested Sanskrit forms

  • द्यौः (dyáuḥ, nom.sg.)
  • द्यौः (dyàuḥ, voc.sg.)
  • द्याम् (dyā́m) / दिवम् (dívam, acc.sg.)
  • दिवा (divā́) / दीवा (dīvā, instr.sg.)
  • दिवे (dive) / द्यवे (dyave, dat.sg.)
  • दिवः (diváḥ) / द्योः (dyóḥ, abl/gen.sg.)
  • दिवि (diví) / द्यवि (dyávi, loc.sg.)
  • द्यावा (dyāvā, nom.du.)
  • द्यावः (dyā́vaḥ) / दिवः (divaḥ, nom.pl.)
  • द्यून् (dyū́n) / दिवः (dívaḥ) / दिवः (diváḥ, acc.pl.)
  • द्युभिस् (dyúbhis, instr.pl.))

Descendants
  • Anatolian:
  • Hellenic: *dzéus (“sky god, Zeus”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Indo-Iranian: *dyā́wš (see there for further descendants)
  • Italic: *djous (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms
  • *dyḗws-ph₂tḗr
    • Hellenic: *dzéu patér (< vocative *dyéw-ph₂tér)
      • Ancient Greek: Ζεῦ πάτερ (Zeû páter)
    • Indo-Iranian: *dyā́wš-pHtā́
    • Italic: *djous patēr (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 337
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