< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)h₁es-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology

Reanalyzed root from *sh₁es ~ *sh₁s-o-s (“sowing”), from *seh₁- (“to sow”).[4][3][5][6]

Root

*(s)h₁es-

  1. harvest, crop, fruit

Derived terms
  • *(s)h₁es-ó-s[4][7][8]
    • Indo-Iranian: *sasás (“corn, grass, herb”)[8][7][9][4] (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)h₁és-ō ~ *(s)h₁s-nés[1]
  • *(s)h₁os-néh₂[13]
    • Germanic: *asnō (“harvest, earning, wage”)[12][11](see there for further descendants)
    • Italic: *osnā (perhaps)
      • Italic: *annosnā[12] (+ annos (“year”) (whence annus))
        • Latin: annōna (“produce, supply, food, corn”)
  • *(s)h₁és-n-u-s
    • Indo-Iranian: *sásnuš
      • Iranian: *háhnuš
        • Old Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬎𐬱‎ (haŋhuš, “harvest, fruit; benefit, profit”)
  • *(s)h₁ós-r̥ ~ *(s)h₁és-n̥s[1][2]
    • Armenian: *(h)o(h)ár-a-[14]
    • Hellenic: *(h)ohər[15]
      • ⇒ Hellenic: *opohərā[2] (contracted from *opi(h)ohərā, + *opi- (related to Ancient Greek ἐπι- (epi-), from *h₁epi (“on, at”))[15]
        • Ancient Greek: ὀπώρα (opṓra, “end of the summer, start of autumn; harvest, fruit”)
  • *(s)h₁s-yó-s[6][16]
    • Celtic: *sasyos (“barley”)[6][3] (see there for further descendants)
Extended forms
  • *(s)h₁es-dʰh₁-[4][3][5]
    • Anatolian: [Term?]
      • Hittite: [Term?] (/šešd-/, “to grow”)
Unsorted forms
  • Anatolian: [Term?]
    • Hittite: 𒊺𒂊𒊭𒀭𒈾𒀸 (še-e-ša-an-na-aš), 𒊺𒂊𒊭𒈾𒀸 (še-e-ša-na-aš, “fruit (tree), harvest, crop”)
  • Armenian:
  • → Finno-Ugric: *kesä (“summer”)[18]
    • Finnic: *kesä (see there for further descendants)
    • Samic: *keasē (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “es-en-, os-en-, -er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 343
  2. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), “*h₁es-en-”, in The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 300
  3. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*sesT-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 537
  4. Lubotsky, A.M. (1989), “Against a Proto-Indo-European phoneme *a”, in Vennemann, Th., editor, The New Sound of Indo-European, Essays in Phonological Reconstruction‎, Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyter
  5. Eichner, Heiner (1982), “Zur hethitischen Etymologie (1. ištark- und ištarnink-; 2. ark-; 3. šešd-)”, in E. Neu, editor, Investigationes philologicae et comparativae: Gedenkschrift für Heinz Kronasser, Wiesbaden
  6. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*sasyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 323
  7. Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “sasá”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
  8. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “sasá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 717
  9. Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*haha-, *hahi̯a-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 320-321
  10. Derksen, Rick (2015), “assanis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 555
  11. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*azani-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 46
  12. Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*az(a)niz ~ *asaniz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, ~ *asaniz/mode/1up page 31
  13. Kroonen, Guus Jan (2009), “Consonant and vowel gradation in the Proto-Germanic n-stems: an investigation of Germanic morphophonology”, in LEI Universiteit Leiden Dissertation
  14. Martirosyan, Hrach (2013), “The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian”, in Journal of Language Relationship‎, issue 10, page 110
  15. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page οπώρα of 1094-1095
  16. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “sasi̯o-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume III, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 880
  17. Horák, Robin (2015) Sémantická motivace názvů ročních období v indoevropských jazycích [Semantic motivation of names seasons in Indo-European languages]‎
  18. Koivulehto, Jorma (1991) Uralische Evidenz für die Laryngaltheorie, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse
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