Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haljō

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *helaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, conceal”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑl.jɔː/

Noun

*haljō f

the netherworld, the underworld, hell

Inflection

ō-stemDeclension of *haljō (ō-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*haljō	*haljôz
vocative	*haljō	*haljôz
accusative	*haljǭ	*haljōz
genitive	*haljōz	*haljǫ̂
dative	*haljōi	*haljōmaz
instrumental	*haljō	*haljōmiz

Descendants

Old English: hell
- Middle English: helle
  - English: hell
  - Scots: hel

Old Frisian: helle, hille
- North Frisian: helle, hille, hel
- Saterland Frisian: Hälle
- West Frisian: hel
Old Saxon: hel, hellja, hellia, *hell
- Middle Low German: helle
  - Westphalian:
    Sauerländisch: Helle
    Westmünsterländisch: Helle f, Hell m
  - Plautdietsch: Hal

Old Dutch: hella
- Middle Dutch: helle
  - Dutch: hel
    - Afrikaans: hel
  - Limburgish: hel

Old High German: hellia, hella
- Middle High German: helle
  - Alemannic German: Hell
  - German: Helle, Hölle
  - Luxembourgish: Häll
  - Rhine Franconian:
    Pennsylvania German: Hell
Old Norse: hel
- Icelandic: hel
- Faroese: hel
- Norwegian Nynorsk: hel
- Old Swedish: hæl
  - Swedish: ihjäl, (helsike)
- Westrobothnian: hähl, höl, hil
Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (halja)
⇒ Germanic: *haljōwītiją (“hell-punishment, hell-torment”)
- Old English: hellewīte
- Old Saxon: helliwīti
- Old High German: hellawīzi
- Old Norse: helvíti
  - Icelandic: helvíti
  - Faroese: helviti
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: helvete
  - Old Swedish: hælvite
    - Swedish: helvete
    - → Finnish: helvetti
  - Danish: helvede

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