-ивать

Russian

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ʲɪvətʲ]

Suffix

-ивать (-ivatʹ)

  1. Used to form imperfective verbs from prefixed perfective verbs in -ить (-itʹ) and sometimes -еть (-etʹ), with iotation of the final consonant.
    оцени́ть pf (ocenítʹ) + -ивать (-ivatʹ)оце́нивать impf (océnivatʹ)
    сноси́ть pf (snosítʹ) + -ивать (-ivatʹ)сна́шивать impf (snášivatʹ)
    вы́здороветь pf (výzdorovetʹ) + -ивать (-ivatʹ)выздора́вливать impf (vyzdorávlivatʹ)
  2. Used as a spelling variant in place of -ывать (-yvatʹ) to form imperfective verbs from prefixed perfective verbs in -ать (-atʹ), -нуть (-nutʹ) and sometimes -ить (-itʹ) with root-final velars (к г х) and hushing consonants (ш ж ч щ), without iotation of the final consonant.
    вмеша́ться pf (vmešátʹsja) + -ивать (-ivatʹ)вме́шиваться impf (vméšivatʹsja)
    вы́толкнуть pf (výtolknutʹ) + -ивать (-ivatʹ)выта́лкивать impf (vytálkivatʹ)
    подскочи́ть pf (podskočítʹ) + -ивать (-ivatʹ)подска́кивать impf (podskákivatʹ)
  3. Used to form frequentative verbs from non-prefixed verbs in -ить (-itʹ) and sometimes -еть (-etʹ), with iotation of the final consonant.
    суди́ть impf (sudítʹ, to judge) + -ивать (-ivatʹ)су́живать impf (súživatʹ, to judge repeatedly)
  4. Used as a spelling variant in place of -ывать (-yvatʹ) to form frequentative verbs from non-prefixed verbs in -ать (-atʹ), -нуть (-nutʹ) and sometimes -ить (-itʹ) with root-final velars (к г х) and hushing consonants (ш ж ч щ), without iotation of the final consonant.

Conjugation

Usage notes

The frequentative and imperfectivizing suffixes are etymologically the same. The spelling-variant suffixes can be distinguished from the other suffixes by their iotation behavior, by the restriction of the second type to certain root-final consonants, and by the types of verbs they usually affect. Note also that in the spelling-variant type, an underlying root consonant that has been modified or deleted may reappear, as in подска́кивать impf (podskákivatʹ), based on the root подскок-, which appears in iotated form in подскочи́ть pf (podskočítʹ). For all suffixes, the stress is drawn onto the syllable before the prefix, and an о in that syllable usually changes into а.

Derived terms

<a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Russian_words_suffixed_with_-%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C' title='Category:Russian words suffixed with -ивать'>Russian words suffixed with -ивать</a>

See also

  • -я́ть (-játʹ) (another way to form imperfective verbs from prefixed perfective verbs, usually in -ить (-itʹ), and with iotation)
  • -а́ть (-átʹ) (spelling variant of the above after hushing consonants (ш ж ч щ), which frequently result from iotation)
  • -а́ть (-átʹ) (a different, homophonous suffix used to form imperfective verbs from prefixed perfective verbs of certain classes, without iotation)
  • -ва́ть (-vátʹ) (a suffix used to form imperfective verbs from perfective verbs with vowel-final roots, as well as class-1 verbs in -еть (-etʹ))
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