Cardano (cryptovaluta-platform)

Cardano is een open source cryptovaluta blockchain platform waarop slimme contracten kunnen draaien.[1]

Cardano platform logo

Ada cryptogeld logo

Cardano mind map

Achtergrond

Het begon in 2015 en werd in 2017 gelanceerd door de medeoprichter van Ethereum en BitShares Charles Hoskinson.[2] Ontwikkelingen worden wetenschappelijk bestudeerd en beoordeeld door vakgenoten.[3][4][5] Het Ada cryptogeld kon tijdens de lancering alleen in hun Daedalus portemonnee en op de Bittrex exchange worden opgeslagen, maar er zijn er momenteel meer om uit te kiezen.[6][7][8][9][10]

Lagen

Binnen het Cardano platform leeft Ada op de afrekeningslaag (settlement layer). Deze laag is vergelijkbaar met Bitcoin en houdt in feite alleen de Ada transacties bij. De tweede laag is de berekeningslaag (computation layer). Deze laag is vergelijkbaar met Ethereum en maakt het mogelijk dat slimme contracten en toepassingen op het platform worden uitgevoerd.[1]

Niet-functionele vereisten

Naast de eerste en tweede laag functionaliteiten richt Cardano zich ook op de niet-functionele vereisten schaalbaarheid, onderhoudbaarheid en interoperabiliteit. Het fundament van hun schaalbaarheid is de scheiding van de afrekenings- en berekeningslaag en hun 'proof of stake' technologie. Onderhoudbaarheid wordt bereikt door gebruik te maken van een gedecentraliseerd 'treasury'-systeem dat wordt gefinancierd door transactiekosten op het netwerk. Op ontwikkelingsvoorstellen en de implementatie kan worden gestemd en worden dus gedecentrialiseerd door de belanghebbenden (Ada cryptogeldhouders) gecontroleerd. Na de gedecentrialiseerde fase kunnen zonder stemming zelfs de huidige ontwikkelaars geen wijzigingen aanbrengen. De ondersteuning van interoperabiliteit tussen bestaand cryptogeld is belangrijk in een gemengd technologielandschap. 'Sidechains' is een technologie waarbij tokens naar (andere) blockchains kunnen verplaatsen en interoperabiliteit met de financiële systemen van banken mogelijk maakt.[11][12][13]

Ontwikkelingen

Verschillende ontwikkel omgevingen worden gecreëerd door (menselijk leesbaar) functioneel programmeren.[14] Door de functionele code op hoog niveau automatisch te vertalen naar uitvoeringscode op een laag niveau, is er geen noodzaak voor (foutgevoelige) codering op laag niveau.[15] Ook niet-programmeurs kunnen slimme contracten maken, omdat een van de domeinspecifieke talen een 'low-code' ontwikkelingsplatform is. Slimme contracten gemaakt in Solidity voor de Ethereum Virtual Machine kunnen worden vertaald met een compiler en dus ook draaien op de Cardano Virtual Machine.[16][17][18][19][20]

Externe link

cardano.org

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

Cardano: a rising cryptocurrency. Mashable (24 februari 2018). Geraadpleegd op 8 december 2018.. "Cardano claims it will solve most of the issues that plague well-established cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum"
ICOs explained. CNBC (6 oktober 2017). Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. ""ethereum co-founder Charles Hoskinson says it has become increasingly more challenging to regulate this new asset class" and "ICO market could crash""
Ouroboros at Eurorypt 2018. Nasdaq (2 mei 2018). Geraadpleegd op 6 december 2018.. "Only one in five papers that are submitted get accepted after going through a months-long, peer-review process, where experts in the field scrutinize the work to determine its suitability for the conference"
Ouroboros Genesis: Composable Proof-of-Stake Blockchains with Dynamic Availability (the paper). University of Edinburgh (15 oktober 2018). Geraadpleegd op 8 december 2018.. "which is implemented as part of the Cardano blockchain"
Ouroboros Genesis: Composable Proof-of-Stake Blockchains with Dynamic Availability (acceptance of the paper). Association for Computing Machinery (15 oktober 2018). Geraadpleegd op 8 december 2018.. "CCS 2018: Accepted Papers"
Blockchain believers hold fast to a utopian vision. Financial Times (27 januari 2018). Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. ""A mathematician, Mr Hoskinson believes blockchain has the potential to reduce society’s need for banks" and "working with a global group of academics" and "freely available online for other developers to use.""
Cardano Reassures on Swiss Assets. finews (16 november 2018). Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. ""The foundation links up with Cardano's other two arms: IOHK, run by Hoskinson, is responsible for developing the project's protocols." and "Emurgo, run by Kem Kodama, is responsible for clinching partnerships with developers and fostering Cardano's real-world use.""
The cryptocurrency disrupted by science. The Daily Dot (30 januari 2018). Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. ""a “research driven approach” and promises that its blockchain undergoes a rigorous peer-review process by programmers in academia" and "allowing students to verify their diplomas using its blockchain. Three Greek universities are participating""
Comparison of ADA wallets and exchanges. CardanoWiki. Geraadpleegd op 6 december 2018.
Grigore Rosu, Formal Design, Implementation and Veriﬁcation of Blockchain Languages. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (1 juli 2018). Geraadpleegd op 8 december 2018.. ""a testnet on Cardano in Summer 2018 to test this hypothesis in a real-world setting" and "One of the major lessons we learned during the EVM formalization effort was that EVM can be improved along various dimensions, improvements that could make both implementations and smart contract verification easier and faster. Instead of doing so, we preferred to design and implement a new virtual machine, IELE""
Bitcoin’s Smaller Cousins. Bloomberg L.P. (20 december 2017). Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. "Cardano, backed by the Zug, Switzerland-based Cardano Foundation, is a decentralized public blockchain that aims to protect user privacy, while also allowing for regulation"
A Treasury System for Cryptocurrencies: Enabling Better Collaborative Intelligence. Eprint (15 december 2018). Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. "A treasury system is a community controlled and decentralized collaborative decision-making mechanism for sustainable funding of the blockchain development and maintenance."
Sidechains: Why These Researchers Think They Solved a Key Piece of the Puzzle. Bitcoin Magazine (19 februari 2018). Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. "move tokens across blockchains and, as a result, open the doors to a world of possibilities, including building bridges to the legacy financial systems of banks"
Cardano Founder Charles Hoskinson Explains Why ADA’s New Smart Contract Tools are a Boon for Fintech. Yahoo! Finance (12 december 2018). Geraadpleegd op 25 december 2018.. "two tools developed by a world-leading team for writing smart contracts"
Will that smart contract really do what you expect it to do?. Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek (januari 2018). Geraadpleegd op 6 december 2018.. "the KEVM project also started from the semi-formal yellow paper to create an executable and human readable model of reference semantics for EVM programs. It uses the K framework, which is a rewrite-based executable semantic framework."
University research lab. InvestinEdinburgh (8 mei 2017) Gearchiveerd op 25 december 2018. Geraadpleegd op 16 december 2018.. "strengthen educational opportunities around blockchain technology and its potential applications"
Edinburgh laboratory to bring 35 jobs. The Times (25 februari 2017) Gearchiveerd op 26 december 2018. Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. "The Edinburgh lab will be IOHK’s international research headquarters as it works with additional university partners around the world."
Startups push blockchain beyond cryptocurrency. The Nikkei (2 juli 2018). Geraadpleegd op 8 december 2018.. "Input Output HK signed a memorandum of understanding with the government of Ethiopia in May to explore the use of Cardano"
IOHK Addis Blockchain Developer Training: January 8th - March 24th 2019. Ministry of Innovation and Technology (Ethiopia) (2018). Geraadpleegd op 8 december 2018.. "In recognition of the government's efforts to promote gender diversity in technology, the intake for this first course will be all women. Subsequent training courses and job opportunities will be open to all."
“Where Coffee Just Grows”: Connecting Ethiopian Agritech to the Blockchain. Bitcoin Magazine (4 mei 2018). Geraadpleegd op 19 December 2018.. "Cardano Enterprise) would allow all participants in the supply chain to trace and track coffee as it makes its way from rural farms to wholesale buyers"

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[CardanoGeneral-1] Cardano: a rising cryptocurrency. Mashable (24 februari 2018). Geraadpleegd op 8 december 2018.. "Cardano claims it will solve most of the issues that plague well-established cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum"

[EthereumCo-founder-2] ICOs explained. CNBC (6 oktober 2017). Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. ""ethereum co-founder Charles Hoskinson says it has become increasingly more challenging to regulate this new asset class" and "ICO market could crash""

[Eurocrypt-3] Ouroboros at Eurorypt 2018. Nasdaq (2 mei 2018). Geraadpleegd op 6 december 2018.. "Only one in five papers that are submitted get accepted after going through a months-long, peer-review process, where experts in the field scrutinize the work to determine its suitability for the conference"

[OuroborosReview-4] Ouroboros Genesis: Composable Proof-of-Stake Blockchains with Dynamic Availability (the paper). University of Edinburgh (15 oktober 2018). Geraadpleegd op 8 december 2018.. "which is implemented as part of the Cardano blockchain"

[OuroborosAccept-5] Ouroboros Genesis: Composable Proof-of-Stake Blockchains with Dynamic Availability (acceptance of the paper). Association for Computing Machinery (15 oktober 2018). Geraadpleegd op 8 december 2018.. "CCS 2018: Accepted Papers"

[FT-6] Blockchain believers hold fast to a utopian vision. Financial Times (27 januari 2018). Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. ""A mathematician, Mr Hoskinson believes blockchain has the potential to reduce society’s need for banks" and "working with a global group of academics" and "freely available online for other developers to use.""

[Trias-7] Cardano Reassures on Swiss Assets. finews (16 november 2018). Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. ""The foundation links up with Cardano's other two arms: IOHK, run by Hoskinson, is responsible for developing the project's protocols." and "Emurgo, run by Kem Kodama, is responsible for clinching partnerships with developers and fostering Cardano's real-world use.""

[DailyDotGeneral-8] The cryptocurrency disrupted by science. The Daily Dot (30 januari 2018). Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. ""a “research driven approach” and promises that its blockchain undergoes a rigorous peer-review process by programmers in academia" and "allowing students to verify their diplomas using its blockchain. Three Greek universities are participating""

[9] Comparison of ADA wallets and exchanges. CardanoWiki. Geraadpleegd op 6 december 2018.

[FormalVeriﬁcation-10] Grigore Rosu, Formal Design, Implementation and Veriﬁcation of Blockchain Languages. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (1 juli 2018). Geraadpleegd op 8 december 2018.. ""a testnet on Cardano in Summer 2018 to test this hypothesis in a real-world setting" and "One of the major lessons we learned during the EVM formalization effort was that EVM can be improved along various dimensions, improvements that could make both implementations and smart contract verification easier and faster. Instead of doing so, we preferred to design and implement a new virtual machine, IELE""

[Privacy-regulation-11] Bitcoin’s Smaller Cousins. Bloomberg L.P. (20 december 2017). Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. "Cardano, backed by the Zug, Switzerland-based Cardano Foundation, is a decentralized public blockchain that aims to protect user privacy, while also allowing for regulation"

[TreasurySystem-12] A Treasury System for Cryptocurrencies: Enabling Better Collaborative Intelligence. Eprint (15 december 2018). Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. "A treasury system is a community controlled and decentralized collaborative decision-making mechanism for sustainable funding of the blockchain development and maintenance."

[Sidechains-13] Sidechains: Why These Researchers Think They Solved a Key Piece of the Puzzle. Bitcoin Magazine (19 februari 2018). Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. "move tokens across blockchains and, as a result, open the doors to a world of possibilities, including building bridges to the legacy financial systems of banks"

[TwoTools-14] Cardano Founder Charles Hoskinson Explains Why ADA’s New Smart Contract Tools are a Boon for Fintech. Yahoo! Finance (12 december 2018). Geraadpleegd op 25 december 2018.. "two tools developed by a world-leading team for writing smart contracts"

[Kframework-15] Will that smart contract really do what you expect it to do?. Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek (januari 2018). Geraadpleegd op 6 december 2018.. "the KEVM project also started from the semi-formal yellow paper to create an executable and human readable model of reference semantics for EVM programs. It uses the K framework, which is a rewrite-based executable semantic framework."

[ResearchLab1-16] University research lab. InvestinEdinburgh (8 mei 2017) Gearchiveerd op 25 december 2018. Geraadpleegd op 16 december 2018.. "strengthen educational opportunities around blockchain technology and its potential applications"

[ResearchLab2-17] Edinburgh laboratory to bring 35 jobs. The Times (25 februari 2017) Gearchiveerd op 26 december 2018. Geraadpleegd op 19 december 2018.. "The Edinburgh lab will be IOHK’s international research headquarters as it works with additional university partners around the world."

[Ethiopia-18] Startups push blockchain beyond cryptocurrency. The Nikkei (2 juli 2018). Geraadpleegd op 8 december 2018.. "Input Output HK signed a memorandum of understanding with the government of Ethiopia in May to explore the use of Cardano"

[EthiopiaGov-19] IOHK Addis Blockchain Developer Training: January 8th - March 24th 2019. Ministry of Innovation and Technology (Ethiopia) (2018). Geraadpleegd op 8 december 2018.. "In recognition of the government's efforts to promote gender diversity in technology, the intake for this first course will be all women. Subsequent training courses and job opportunities will be open to all."

[EthiopiaGovBM-20] “Where Coffee Just Grows”: Connecting Ethiopian Agritech to the Blockchain. Bitcoin Magazine (4 mei 2018). Geraadpleegd op 19 December 2018.. "Cardano Enterprise) would allow all participants in the supply chain to trace and track coffee as it makes its way from rural farms to wholesale buyers"