Thomas Andrews

Thomas Andrews Jr. (7 February 1873 – 15 April 1912) was a British businessman and shipbuilder. He was managing director and head of the drafting department of the shipbuilding company Harland and Wolff in Belfast, Ireland.

Thomas Andrews
Andrews in 1911
Born
Thomas Andrews Jr.

(1873-02-07)7 February 1873
Comber, County Down, Ireland
Died15 April 1912(1912-04-15) (aged 39)
RMS Titanic, Atlantic Ocean
NationalityBritish
OccupationShipbuilder
Known forHead Designer – RMS Titanic
Spouse(s)Helen Reilly Barbour (m. 1908 – 1912) (his death)
ChildrenElizabeth Law Barbour Andrews (1910-1973)
RelativesViscount Pirrie (uncle)

As the naval architect in charge of the plans for the ocean liner RMS Titanic, he was travelling on board the vessel during her transatlantic maiden voyage in 1912. He perished along with more than 1,500 others when the ship sank after hitting an iceberg.[1]

Biography

Early life
Thomas (second from right) with family, circa 1895.

Thomas Andrews was born on 7 February 1873 at Ardara House, Comber, County Down, in Ireland, to The Rt. Hon. Thomas Andrews, a member of the Privy Council of Ireland, and Eliza Pirrie. Andrews was a Presbyterian of Scottish descent, and like his brother considered himself British. His siblings included John Miller Andrews, the future Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, and Sir James Andrews, the future Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland. Thomas Andrews lived with his family in Ardara, Comber. In 1884, he began attending the Royal Belfast Academical Institution until 1889 when, at the age of sixteen, he began a premium apprenticeship at Harland and Wolff where his uncle, the Viscount Pirrie, was part owner.

Andrews with wife, Helen Barbour, and daughter, Elizabeth Law Barber Andrews

Harland and Wolff

At Harland and Wolff, Andrews began with three months in the joiners' shop, followed by a month in the cabinetmakers' and then a further two months working on the ships. The last eighteen months of his five-year apprenticeship were spent in the drawing office. He worked tirelessly during the day and continued his studies in the evening hours. In 1901,boarding at 11 Wellington place, after working his way up through the many departments of the company, became the manager of the construction works. That same year, he also became a member of the Institution of Naval Architects. In 1907, he was appointed the managing director and head of the drafting department at Harland and Wolff. By that point, Andrews had earned a reputation as a genius in the field of ship design.[2] During his long years of apprenticeship, study, and work, he had become well-loved in the company and amongst the shipyard's employees. His kindness and generosity was well-documented. He was always willing to acknowledge the hard work of other people, and his wife recalled that he had of himself "the humblest opinion of anyone I ever knew."[3][4]

On 24 June 1908, he married Helen Reilly Barbour, daughter of textile industrialist John Doherty Barbour and sister to Sir John Milne Barbour- known as "Milne". Their daughter, Elizabeth Law-Barbour Andrews (known by her initials, "ELBA"), was born on 27 November 1910. The couple lived at Dunallan, 12 Windsor Avenue, Belfast, now numbered 20.[5][6] It is known that Andrews took Helen to view the RMS Titanic one night, shortly before Elizabeth was born.

RMS Titanic
Main article: Sinking of the RMS Titanic

In 1907, Andrews began to oversee the plans for a new superliner, the RMS Olympic for the White Star Line. The Olympic and its sister ship the Titanic, which began construction in 1909, were designed by William Pirrie and general manager Alexander Carlisle along with Andrews. As he had done for the other ships he had overseen, Andrews familiarised himself with every detail of the Olympic and Titanic, in order to ensure that they were in optimal working order. Andrews's suggestions that the ship have 46 lifeboats (instead of the 20 it ended up with) as well as a double hull and watertight bulkheads that went up to B deck, were overruled.[7]

Andrews headed a group of Harland and Wolff workers who went on the maiden voyages of the ships built by the company (the guarantee group), to observe ship operations and spot any necessary improvements. The Titanic was no exception, so Andrews and the rest of his Harland and Wolff group travelled from Belfast to Southampton on Titanic for the beginning of her maiden voyage on 10 April 1912. During the voyage, Andrews took notes on various improvements he felt were needed, primarily cosmetic changes to various facilities. However, on 14 April, Andrews remarked to a friend that Titanic was "as nearly perfect as human brains can make her."

On 14 April at 11:40 PM, the Titanic struck an iceberg on the ship's starboard side. Andrews had been in his stateroom, planning changes he wanted to make to the ship, and barely noticed the collision. Captain Edward J. Smith had Andrews summoned to help examine the damage. Andrews and Captain Smith discussed the damage to the ship shortly after midnight after Andrews had toured the damaged section of the ship and received several reports of the vessel's damage. Andrews determined that the first five of the ship's watertight compartments were rapidly flooding. Andrews knew that with more than four of the ship's forward compartments flooded, it would inevitably sink. He relayed this information to Captain Smith, stating that it was a 'mathematical certainty', and adding that in his opinion, the vessel had only about an hour before it completely sank. He also informed Smith of the severe shortage of lifeboats on board the ship.

As the evacuation of the Titanic began, Andrews tirelessly searched staterooms telling the passengers to put on lifebelts and go up on deck.[8] Several survivors testified to have met or spotted Andrews several times. Fully aware of the short time the ship had left and of the lack of lifeboat space for all passengers and crew, he continued to urge reluctant people into the lifeboats in the hope of filling them with as many people as possible. The ship disappeared beneath the ocean at 2:20 a.m.. Andrews perished that night along with around 1,500 others, and his body was never recovered.

Death

Andrews was reportedly last seen by John Stewart, a steward on the ship, after approximately 2:05 a.m., fifteen minutes before the Titanic sank. Andrews was standing alone in the first-class smoking room, arms folded, his lifebelt lying on a nearby table.[9][10][11] Stewart asked him: "Aren't you going to have a try for it, Mr. Andrews?" Andrews didn't answer or move, apparently in a state of shock.[12] Walter Lord suggested that he was staring at a painting, Plymouth Harbour, above the fireplace. The painting depicted the entrance to Plymouth Sound, which Titanic had been expected to visit on her return voyage.[13] This led to popular belief that Andrews may have made no attempt to escape and waited in the smoking room for the end.[14]

Although this has become one of the most famous legends of the sinking of the Titanic – published in a 1912 book (Thomas Andrews: Shipbuilder by Shan Bullock) and thereby perpetuated – there is circumstantial evidence to show that Stewart, in fact, left the ship in lifeboat No. 15 at approximately 1:40 a.m.,[14] half an hour before his reputed sighting of Andrews, suggesting his sighting of Andrews in the smoking room must have taken place prior to 1:40 a.m..

In Thomas Andrews: Shipbuilder, Bullock wrote that Andrews likely stayed in the smoking room for some time to gather his thoughts, then continued assisting with the evacuation. Bullock even discussed several other very later sightings of Andrews after that moment.[14] At around 2:00 a.m., he was seen back on the boat deck. The crowd had begun to stir, but some women remained reluctant to leave the ship. To be heard and to draw attention to himself, Andrews waved his arms and called to them in a loud voice.[12] Bullock cited another reported sighting of Andrews, that was told to David Galloway, a friend of Thomas Andrews, who relayed the information to Lord Pirrie, Andrews’ uncle, throwing deck chairs into the ocean for passengers to cling to in the water.[14] Bullock also added that Andrews was seen, carrying a lifebelt, possibly the same lifebelt that was lying on the table in the smoking room, and on his way to the bridge, perhaps in search of Captain Smith.[12] In two newspaper accounts, and apparently a statement to Galloway, mess steward Cecil William N Fitzpatrick claimed to have seen Andrews and Captain Smith together on the bridge just a few minutes before the ship began its final plunge, and that both men jumped overboard just before the bridge was submerged.[14]

Legacy
Unionist banner in Belfast commemorating Thomas Andrews

On 19 April 1912, his father received a telegram from his mother's cousin, who had spoken with survivors in New York: "INTERVIEW TITANIC'S OFFICERS. ALL UNANIMOUS THAT ANDREWS HEROIC UNTO DEATH, THINKING ONLY SAFETY OTHERS. EXTEND HEARTFELT SYMPATHY TO ALL."

Newspaper accounts of the disaster labelled Andrews a hero. Mary Sloan, a stewardess on the ship, whom Andrews persuaded to enter a lifeboat, later wrote in a letter: "Mr. Andrews met his fate like a true hero, realising the great danger, and gave up his life to save the women and children of the Titanic. They will find it hard to replace him." A short biography was produced within the year by Shan Bullock at the request of Sir Horace Plunkett, a member of Parliament, who felt that Andrews' life was worthy of being memorialised.

In his home town, Comber, one of the earliest and most substantial memorials for a single victim of the Titanic disaster was built. The Thomas Andrews Jr. Memorial Hall was opened in January 1914. The architects were Young and McKenzie with sculpted work by the artist Sophia Rosamond Praeger. The hall is now maintained by the South Eastern Education Board and used by The Andrews Memorial Primary School. An Ulster History Circle blue plaque is located on his house in Windsor Avenue, Belfast.

Today, the SS Nomadic is the sole surviving ship designed by Andrews.[15]

Asteroid 245158 Thomasandrews was named in his honour in 2004.[16]

Family

After Thomas's death, Helen remarried; she died 22 August 1966 in Northern Ireland and is buried in the Barbour family mausoleum at Lambeg.

Portrayals
  • Patrick Macnee (1956; Kraft Television Theatre; A Night to Remember)
  • Michael Goodliffe (1958; A Night to Remember)
  • Geoffrey Whitehead (1979; S.O.S. Titanic; TV Movie)
  • Victor Garber (1997; Titanic)
  • Michael Cerveris (1997; Titanic; Broadway Musical)
  • Vern Urich (1998; Titanic: Secrets Revealed; TV Documentary)
  • Don Lynch (2003; Ghosts of the Abyss; Documentary)
  • Damian O'Hare (2005; Titanic: Birth of a Legend; TV Documentary)
  • Paul Mundell (2011; Curiosity Episode: "What Sank Titanic?")
  • Stephen Campbell Moore (2012; Titanic; TV series/3 episodes)
  • Billy Carter (2012; Titanic: Blood and Steel; TV series/12 episodes)
  • Nick Danan (2012; The Titanic Boys; Stage Production- Grand Opera House, Belfast)
  • Stephen Hogan (2012; Saving The Titanic; PBS TV Movie)
  • Robert Bagdon (2013; Belfast Air; Short Film)
  • Greg Castiglioni (2013; Titanic The Musical (London premier) & 2015; (Toronto); directed by Thom Southerland)
  • Kazuki Kato (2015; "Titanic the musical"; Japanese Musical directed by Tom Sutherland)

Bibliography

References
  1. Official investigation report – the sinking of RMS Titanic (PDF) (1 ed.). London: The final board of inquiry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  2. Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, pp. 22.
  3. « The character of Thomas Andrews », Thomas Andrews Shipbuilder. Consulté le 21 avril 2011
  4. Fitch, Layton & Wormstedt 2012, pp. 23.
  5. NationalArchives.ie
  6. Ulster History Cycle Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  7. "Thomas Andrews – A Talented Designer That Met With A Tragic Fate". Titanicuniverse.com. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  8. (Mark Chirnside 2004, p. 163)
  9. Eaton & Haas 1994, p. 155.
  10. (Walter Lord 1998, p. 113)
  11. (Mark Chirnside 2004, p. 177)
  12. (in English) « The sinking of the Titanic », Thomas Andrews Shipbuilder. Consulté le 21 avril 2011
  13. The painting is often incorrectly shown on television and in movies as depicting the entrance to New York Harbor. It was an error made by Walter Lord in his research.
  14. On a Sea of Glass: The Life & Loss of the RMS Titanic by Tad Fitch, J. Kent Layton & Bill Wormstedt. Amberley Books, March 2012. pp 321-323
  15. "The History of Nomadic & Hamilton Dock". www.nomadicbelfast.com. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  16. Levy, David. "Asteroid Named for Titanic Designer Thomas Andrews". Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 22 September 2017.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.