Power over Ethernet

Power over Ethernet, or PoE, describes any of several standard or ad hoc systems that pass electric power along with data on twisted pair Ethernet cabling. This allows a single cable to provide both data connection and electric power to devices such as wireless access points, IP cameras, and VoIP phones.

In this configuration, an Ethernet connection includes power over Ethernet (gray cable looping below), and a PoE splitter provides a separate data cable (gray, looping above) and power cable (black, also looping above) for a wireless access point. The splitter is the silver and black box in the middle between the wiring junction box (left) and the access point (right). The PoE connection eliminates the need for a nearby power outlet. In another common configuration, the access point or other connected device includes internal PoE splitting and the external splitter is not necessary.

There are several common techniques for transmitting power over Ethernet cabling. Three of them have been standardized by IEEE 802.3 since 2003. These standards are known as Alternative A, Alternative B, and 4PPoE. For 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, only two of the four signal pairs in typical Cat 5 cable are used. Alternative B separates the data and the power conductors, making troubleshooting easier. It also makes full use of all four twisted pairs in a typical Cat 5 cable. The positive voltage runs along pins 4 and 5, and the negative along pins 7 and 8.

Alternative A transports power on the same wires as data for 10 and 100 Mbit/s Ethernet variants. This is similar to the phantom power technique commonly used for powering condenser microphones. Power is transmitted on the data conductors by applying a common voltage to each pair. Because twisted-pair Ethernet uses differential signaling, this does not interfere with data transmission. The common-mode voltage is easily extracted using the center tap of the standard Ethernet pulse transformer. For Gigabit Ethernet and faster, all four pairs are used for data transmission, so both Alternatives A and B transport power on wire pairs also used for data.

4PPoE provides power using all four pairs of a twisted-pair cable. This enables higher power for applications like PTZ cameras, high-performance wireless access points, or even charging laptop batteries.

In addition to standardizing existing practice for spare-pair (Alternative B), common-mode data pair power (Alternative A) and 4-pair transmission (4PPoE), the IEEE PoE standards provide for signaling between the power sourcing equipment (PSE) and powered device (PD). This signaling allows the presence of a conformant device to be detected by the power source, and allows the device and source to negotiate the amount of power required or available.

Standards development

The original IEEE 802.3af-2003[1] PoE standard provides up to 15.4 W of DC power (minimum 44 V DC and 350 mA[2][3]) on each port.[4] Only 12.95 W is assured to be available at the powered device as some power dissipates in the cable.[5] The updated IEEE 802.3at-2009[6] PoE standard also known as PoE+ or PoE plus, provides up to 25.5 W of power for Type 2 devices.[7] The 2009 standard prohibits a powered device from using all four pairs for power.[8] Both of these standards have since been incorporated into the IEEE 802.3-2012 publication.[9]

The IEEE 802.3bu-2016[10] amendment introduced single-pair Power over Data Lines (PoDL) for the single-pair Ethernet standards 100BASE-T1 and 1000BASE-T1 intended for automotive and industrial applications. On the two-pair or four-pair standards power is transmitted only between pairs, so that within each pair there is no voltage present other than that representing the transmitted data. With single-pair Ethernet, power is transmitted in parallel to the data. PoDL defines 10 power classes, ranging from .5 to 50 W (at PD).

Looking at ways of increasing the amount of power transmitted, IEEE has defined IEEE 802.3bt 4PPoE in September 2018.[11] The standard introduces two additional power types: up to 55 W (Type 3) and up to 90-100 W (Type 4). Each pair of twisted pairs needs to handle a current of up to 600 mA (Type 3) or 960 mA (Type 4).[12] Additionally, support for 2.5GBASE-T, 5GBASE-T and 10GBASE-T is included.[13] This development opens the door to new applications and expands the use of applications such as high-performance wireless access points and surveillance cameras.

Uses
Products using PoE
  • An IP camera powered by Power over Ethernet
  • Avaya IP Phone 1140E with PoE support
  • A CableFree FOR3 microwave link installed in the UAE: a full outdoor radio featuring proprietary high power over Ethernet

Examples of devices powered by PoE include:[14]

  • VoIP phones
  • IP cameras including pan–tilt–zoom cameras
  • Wireless access points
  • IPTV decoders
  • Network routers
  • A mini network switch installed in distant rooms, to support a small cluster of Ethernet ports from one uplink cable. PoE power is fed into the PD (or PoE in) port. These switches may in turn power remote PoE devices using PoE pass through.
  • Intercom and public address systems and hallway speaker amplifiers
  • Wall clocks in rooms and hallways, with time set using Network Time Protocol
  • Outdoor roof mounted radios with integrated antennas, 4G/LTE, 802.11 or 802.16 based wireless CPEs (customer premises equipment) used by wireless ISPs
  • Outdoor point to point microwave and millimeter wave radios and some free space optics (FSO) units usually featuring proprietary PoE
  • Industrial control system components including sensors, controllers, meters etc.
  • Access control components including help-points, intercoms, entry cards, keyless entry, etc.
  • Intelligent lighting controllers and LED Lighting fixtures[15]
  • Stage and Theatrical devices, such as networked audio breakout and routing boxes
  • Remote point of sale kiosks
  • Inline Ethernet extenders[16]
  • PoE Splitters that output the power, often at a different voltage (e.g. 5V), to power a remote device or charge a mobile phone

Terminology

Power sourcing equipment

Power sourcing equipment (PSE) are devices that provide (source) power on the Ethernet cable. This device may be a network switch, commonly called an endspan (IEEE 802.3af refers to it as endpoint), or an intermediary device between a non-PoE-capable switch and a PoE device, an external PoE injector, called a midspan device.[17]

Powered device

A powered device (PD) is any device powered by PoE, thus consuming energy. Examples include wireless access points, VoIP phones, and IP cameras.

Many powered devices have an auxiliary power connector for an optional external power supply. Depending on the design, some, none, or all of the device's power can be supplied from the auxiliary port,[18][19] with the auxiliary port also sometimes acting as backup power in case PoE-supplied power fails.

Power management features and integration
Avaya ERS 5500 switch with 48 Power over Ethernet ports

Advocates of PoE expect PoE to become a global long term DC power cabling standard and replace a multiplicity of individual AC adapters, which cannot be easily centrally managed.[20] Critics of this approach argue that PoE is inherently less efficient than AC power due to the lower voltage, and this is made worse by the thin conductors of Ethernet. Advocates of PoE, like the Ethernet Alliance, point out that quoted losses are for worst case scenarios in terms of cable quality, length and power consumption by powered devices.[21] In any case, where the central PoE supply replaces several dedicated AC circuits, transformers and inverters, the power loss in cabling can be justifiable.

Integrating EEE and PoE

After integration of PoE with the IEEE 802.3az Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE) standard potentially produces additional energy savings. Pre-standard integrations of EEE and PoE (such as Marvell's EEPoE outlined in a May 2011 white paper) claim to achieve a savings upwards of 3 W per link. This saving is especially significant as higher power devices come online. Marvell claims that:

"With the evolution of PoE from a fairly low power source (up to 12.95 W per port) to one with devices of up to 25.5 W, the direct current (DC) power losses over Ethernet cables increased exponentially. Approximately 4.5 W/port of power is wasted on a CAT5, CAT5e, CAT6 or CAT6A cable...after 100 m... EEE typically saves no more than 1 W per link, so addressing the 4.5 W per link loss from PoE transmission inefficiency would provide much more incremental savings. New energy-efficient PoE (EEPoE) technology can increase efficiency to 94% while transmitting over the same 25 ohm cable, powering IEEE 802.3at-compliant devices in synchronous 4-pairs. When utilizing synchronous 4-pairs, powered devices are fed using all the available wires. For example, on a 24-port IEEE 802.3at-2009 Type 2 system (delivering 25.5 W per port), more than 50 W are saved."[22]

Standard implementation

Standards-based Power over Ethernet is implemented following the specifications in IEEE 802.3af-2003 (which was later incorporated as clause 33 into IEEE 802.3-2005) or the 2009 update, IEEE 802.3at. The standards require category 5 cable or better for high power levels but allow using category 3 cable if less power is required.[23]

Power is supplied as a common-mode signal over two or more of the differential pairs of wires found in the Ethernet cables and comes from a power supply within a PoE-enabled networking device such as an Ethernet switch or can be injected into a cable run with a midspan power supply. A midspan power supply, also known as a PoE power injector, is an additional PoE power source that can be used in combination with a non-PoE switch.

A phantom power technique is used to allow the powered pairs to also carry data. This permits its use not only with 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, which use only two of the four pairs in the cable, but also with 1000BASE-T (gigabit Ethernet), 2.5GBASE-T, 5GBASE-T, and 10GBASE-T which use all four pairs for data transmission. This is possible because all versions of Ethernet over twisted pair cable specify differential data transmission over each pair with transformer coupling; the DC supply and load connections can be made to the transformer center-taps at each end. Each pair thus operates in common mode as one side of the DC supply, so two pairs are required to complete the circuit. The polarity of the DC supply may be inverted by crossover cables; the powered device must operate with either pair: spare pairs 4–5 and 7–8 or data pairs 1–2 and 3–6. Polarity is defined by the standards on data pairs, and ambiguously implemented for spare pairs, with the use of a diode bridge.

Comparison of PoE parameters
Property 802.3af (802.3at Type 1) "PoE" 802.3at Type 2 "PoE+" 802.3bt Type 3 "4PPoE"[24] 802.3bt Type 4
Power available at PD[note 1] 12.95 W 25.50 W 51 W 71 W
Maximum power delivered by PSE 15.40 W 30.0 W 60 W 100 W
Voltage range (at PSE) 44.0–57.0 V[25] 50.0–57.0 V[25] 50.0–57.0 V 52.0–57.0 V
Voltage range (at PD) 37.0–57.0 V[26] 42.5–57.0 V[26] 42.5–57.0 V[27] 41.1–57.0 V
Maximum current Imax 350 mA[28] 600 mA[28] 600 mA per pair[27] 960 mA per pair[27]
Maximum cable resistance per pairset 20 Ω[29] (Category 3) 12.5 Ω[29] (Category 5) 12.5 Ω[27] 12.5 Ω[27]
Power management Three power class levels (1-3) negotiated by signature Four power class levels (1-4) negotiated by signature or 0.1 W steps negotiated by LLDP Six power class levels (1-6) negotiated by signature or 0.1 W steps negotiated by LLDP[30] Eight power class levels (1-8) negotiated by signature or 0.1 W steps negotiated by LLDP
Derating of maximum cable ambient operating temperature None 5 °C (9 °F) with one mode (two pairs) active 10 °C (20 °F) with more than half of bundled cables pairs at Imax[31] 10 °C (20 °F) with temperature planning required
Supported cabling Category 3 and Category 5[23] Category 5[23][note 2] Category 5 Category 5
Supported modes Mode A (endspan), Mode B (midspan) Mode A, mode B Mode A, mode B, 4-pair mode 4-pair mode

Notes:

  1. Most switched-mode power supplies within the powered device will lose another 10 to 25% of the available power to heat.
  2. More stringent cable specification allows assumption of more current carrying capacity and lower resistance (20.0 Ω for Category 3 versus 12.5 Ω for Category 5).

Powering devices

Three modes, A, B, and 4-pair are available. Mode A delivers power on the data pairs of 100BASE-TX or 10BASE-T. Mode B delivers power on the spare pairs. 4-pair delivers power on all four pairs. PoE can also be used on 1000BASE-T, 2.5GBASE-T, 5GBASE-T and 10GBASE-T Ethernet, in which case there are no spare pairs and all power is delivered using the phantom technique.

Mode A has two alternate configurations (MDI and MDI-X), using the same pairs but with different polarities. In mode A, pins 1 and 2 (pair #2 in T568B wiring) form one side of the 48 V DC, and pins 3 and 6 (pair #3 in T568B) form the other side. These are the same two pairs used for data transmission in 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, allowing the provision of both power and data over only two pairs in such networks. The free polarity allows PoE to accommodate for crossover cables, patch cables and Auto MDI-X.

In mode B, pins 4–5 (pair #1 in both T568A and T568B) form one side of the DC supply and pins 7–8 (pair #4 in both T568A and T568B) provide the return; these are the "spare" pairs in 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX. Mode B, therefore, requires a 4-pair cable.

The PSE, not the PD, decides whether power mode A or B shall be used. PDs that implement only mode A or mode B are disallowed by the standard.[32] The PSE can implement mode A or B or both. A PD indicates that it is standards-compliant by placing a 25 kΩ resistor between the powered pairs. If the PSE detects a resistance that is too high or too low (including a short circuit), no power is applied. This protects devices that do not support PoE. An optional power class feature allows the PD to indicate its power requirements by changing the sense resistance at higher voltages.

To retain power, the PD must use at least 5–10 mA for at least 60 ms at a time. If the PD goes more than 400 ms without meeting this requirement, the PSE will consider the device disconnected and, for safety reasons, remove power.[33]

There are two types of PSEs: endspans and midspans. Endspans (commonly called PoE switches) are Ethernet switches that include the power over Ethernet transmission circuitry. Midspans are power injectors that stand between a regular Ethernet switch and the powered device, injecting power without affecting the data. Endspans are normally used on new installations or when the switch has to be replaced for other reasons (such as moving from 10/100 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s), which makes it convenient to add the PoE capability. Midspans are used when there is no desire to replace and configure a new Ethernet switch, and only PoE needs to be added to the network.

Stages of powering up a PoE link
Stage Action Volts specified
[V]
802.3af 802.3at
DetectionPSE detects if the PD has the correct signature resistance of 19–26.5 kΩ 2.7–10.1
ClassificationPSE detects resistor indicating power range (see below) 14.5–20.5
Mark 1Signals PSE is 802.3at capable. PD presents a 0.25–4 mA load. —7–10
Class 2PSE outputs classification voltage again to indicate 802.3at capability —14.5–20.5
Mark 2Signals PSE is 802.3at capable. PD presents a 0.25–4 mA load. —7–10
StartupStartup voltage[34][35]> 42> 42
Normal operationSupply power to device[34][35]37–5742.5–57

IEEE 802.3at capable devices are also referred to as Type 2. An 802.3at PSE may also use LLDP communication to signal 802.3at capability.[36]

Power levels available[37][38]
ClassUsageClassification current
[mA]		Power range at PD per pair
[W]		Power from PSE per pair
[W]		Class description
0Default0–50.44–12.9415.4Classification unimplemented
1Optional8–130.44–3.844.00Very Low power
2Optional16–213.84–6.497.00Low power
3Optional25–316.49–12.9515.4Mid power
4Valid for Type 2 (802.3at) devices,
not allowed for 802.3af devices		35–4512.95–25.5030High power
5Valid for Type 3 (802.3bt) devices36–44 & 1–440 (2×35.6 @4-pair)45
636-44 & 9–125160
7Valid for Type 4 (802.3bt) devices36–44 & 17–2062 (4-pair)75
836–44 & 26–3071.3 (4-pair)99
8+99.9 (4-pair)

Class 4 can only be used by IEEE 802.3at (Type 2) devices, requiring valid Class 2 and Mark 2 currents for the power up stages. An 802.3af device presenting a class 4 current is considered non-compliant and, instead, will be treated as a Class 0 device.[39]:13

Configuration via Ethernet layer 2 LLDP

Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) is a layer-2 Ethernet protocol for managing devices. LLDP allows an exchange of information between a PSE and a PD. This information is formatted in Type-length-value (TLV) format. PoE standards define TLV structures used by PSEs and PDs to signal and negotiate available power.

LLDP Power Via MDI TLV IEEE 802.3-2015[40]
TLV Header TLV information string
Type  
(7 bits)		 Length
(9 bits)		 IEEE 802.3 OUI  
(3 octets)		 IEEE 802.3 subtype
(1 octet)		 MDI power support[41]
(1 octet)		 PSE power pair[41]
(1 octet)		 Power class 
(1 octet)		 Type/source priority 
(1 octet)		 PD requested power value 
(2 octets)		 PSE allocated power value 
(2 octets)
127 12 00-12-0F 2 b0 port class: 1=PSE; 0=PD
b1 PSE MDI power support
b2 PSE MDI power state
b3 PSE pairs control ability
b7-4 reserved		 1=signal pair
2=spare pair		 1=class 0
2=class 1
3=class 2
4=class 3
5=class 4		 b7 power type: 1=Type 1; 0=Type 2
b6 power type: 1=PD; 0=PSE
b5-4: power source
b3-2: reserved
b0-1 power priority: 11=low;10=high;01=critical;00=unknown		 0–25.5 W in 0.1 W steps 0–25.5 W in 0.1 W steps
Legacy LLDP Power via MDI TLV IEEE 802.1AB-2009[42]
TLV Header TLV information string
Type  
(7 bits)		 Length
(9 bits)		 IEEE 802.3 OUI  
(3 octets)		 IEEE 802.3 subtype
(1 octet)		 MDI power support[41]
(1 octet)		 PSE power pair[41]
(1 octet)		 Power class 
(1 octet)
127 7 00-12-0F 2 b0 port class: 1=PSE; 0=PD
b1 PSE MDI power support
b2 PSE MDI power state
b3 PSE pairs control ability
b7-4 reserved		 1=signal pair
2=spare pair		 1=class 0
2=class 1
3=class 2
4=class 3
5=class 4
Legacy LLDP- MED Advanced Power Management[43]:8
TLV Header MED Header Extended power via MDI
Type  
(7 bits)		 Length
(9 bits)		 TIA OUI  
(3 octets)		 Extended power via MDI subtype 
(1 octet)		 Power type 
(2 bits)		 Power source 
(2 bits)		 Power priority 
(4 bits)		 Power value 
(2 octets)
127 7 00-12-BB 4 PSE or PD Normal or Backup conservation Critical,
High,
Low		 0–102.3 W in 0.1 W steps

The setup phases are as follows:

  • PSE (provider) tests PD (consumer) physically using 802.3af phase class 3.
    • PSE powers up PD.
  • PD sends to PSE: I'm a PD, max power = X, max power requested = X.
  • PSE sends to PD: I'm a PSE, max power allowed = X.
    • PD may now use the amount of power as specified by the PSE.

The rules for this power negotiation are:

  • PD shall never request more power than physical 802.3af class
  • PD shall never draw more than max power advertised by PSE
  • PSE may deny any PD drawing more power than max allowed by PSE
  • PSE shall not reduce power allocated to PD that is in use
  • PSE may request reduced power, via conservation mode[43]:10

Non-standard implementations

Cisco

Some Cisco WLAN access points and VoIP phones supported a proprietary form of PoE many years before there was an IEEE standard for delivering PoE. Cisco's original PoE implementation is not software upgradeable to the IEEE 802.3af standard. Cisco's original PoE equipment is capable of delivering up to 10 W per port. The amount of power to be delivered is negotiated between the endpoint and the Cisco switch based on a power value that was added to the Cisco proprietary Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP). CDP is also responsible for dynamically communicating the Voice VLAN value from the Cisco switch to the Cisco VoIP Phone.

Under Cisco's pre-standard scheme, the PSE (switch) will send a fast link pulse (FLP) on the transmit pair. The PD (device) connects the transmit line to the receive line via a low-pass filter. And thus the PSE gets the FLP in return. And a common mode current between pair 1 and 2 will be provided resulting in 48 V DC[44] and 6.3 W[45] default of allocated power. The PD has then to provide Ethernet link within 5 seconds to the auto-negotiation mode switch port. A later CDP message with a type-length-value tells the PSE its final power requirement. A discontinuation of link pulses shuts down power.[46]

In 2014, Cisco created another non-standard PoE implementation called Universal Power over Ethernet (UPOE). UPOE can use all 4 pairs, after negotiation, to supply up to 60 W.[47]

Linear Technology

A proprietary high-power development called LTPoE++, backwards compatible with IEEE 802.3at, using a single CAT-5e Ethernet cable is capable of supplying varying levels at 38.7, 52.7, 70, and 90 W.[48]

Microsemi

PowerDsine, acquired by Microsemi in 2007, has been selling midspan power injectors since 1999 with its proprietary Power over LAN solution. Several companies such as Polycom, 3Com, Lucent and Nortel utilize PowerDsine's Power over LAN.[49]

Passive

In a passive PoE system, the injector does not communicate with the powered device to negotiate its voltage or wattage requirements, but merely supplies power at all times. The common 100 Mbit/s passive applications use the pinout of 802.3af mode B (see § Pinouts) – with DC plus on pins 4 and 5 and DC minus on 7 and 8 and data on 1-2 and 3-6. Gigabit passive injectors use a transformer on the data pins to allow power and data to share the cable and is typically compatible with 802.3af Mode A. Passive midspan injectors with up to 12 ports are available.

Devices needing 5 Volts cannot typically use PoE at 5 V on Ethernet cable beyond short distances (about 15 feet (4.6 m)) as the voltage drop of the cable becomes too significant, so a 24 V or 48 V to 5 V DC-DC converter is required at the remote end.[50]

Passive PoE power sources are commonly used with a variety of indoor and outdoor wireless radio equipment, most commonly from Motorola (now Cambium), Ubiquiti Networks, MikroTik and others. Earlier versions of passive PoE 24VDC power sources shipped with 802.11a, 802.11g and 802.11n based radios are commonly 100 Mbit/s only.

Passive DC-to-DC injectors also exist which convert a 9 V to 36 V DC, or 36 V to 72 V DC power source to a stabilized 24 V 1 A, 48 V 0.5 A, or up to 48V 2.0A PoE feed with '+' on pins 4 & 5 and '−' on pins 7 & 8. These DC-to-DC PoE injectors are used in various telecom applications.[51]

Power capacity limits

The ISO/IEC TR 29125 and Cenelec EN 50174-99-1 draft standards outline the cable bundle temperature rise that can be expected from the use of 4PPoE. A distinction is made between two scenarios: 1.) bundles heating up from the inside to the outside, and 2.) bundles heating up from the outside to match the ambient temperature. The second scenario largely depends on the way that the cable bundle has been installed, whereas the first is solely influenced by the physical make-up of the cable. In a standard U/UTP cable, the PoE-related temperature rise increases by a factor of 5. In a shielded cable, this value drops to between 2.5 and 3, depending on the design. Put another way, the temperature increases by twice as much in a U/UTP cable bundle than in a comparable bundle of S/FTP cables.

Pinouts
802.3af Standards A and B from the power sourcing equipment perspective
Pins at switch T568A color T568B color 10/100 mode B,
DC on spares		 10/100 mode A,
mixed DC & data		 1000 (1 gigabit) mode B,
DC & bi-data		 1000 (1 gigabit) mode A,
DC & bi-data
Pin 1
White/green stripe
White/orange stripe		 Rx + Rx +DC + TxRx A + TxRx A +DC +
Pin 2
Green solid
Orange solid		 Rx − Rx −DC + TxRx A − TxRx A −DC +
Pin 3
White/orange stripe
White/green stripe		 Tx + Tx +DC − TxRx B + TxRx B +DC −
Pin 4
Blue solid
Blue solid		 DC + Unused TxRx C +DC + TxRx C +
Pin 5
White/blue stripe
White/blue stripe		 DC + Unused TxRx C −DC + TxRx C −
Pin 6
Orange solid
Green solid		 Tx − Tx −DC − TxRx B − TxRx B −DC −
Pin 7
White/brown stripe
White/brown stripe		 DC − Unused TxRx D +DC − TxRx D +
Pin 8
Brown solid
Brown solid		 DC − Unused TxRx D −DC − TxRx D −

References
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