Oryza sativa

Oryza sativa contains two major subspecies: the sticky, short-grained japonica or sinica variety, and the nonsticky, long-grained indica rice variety. Japonica varieties are usually cultivated in dry fields (it is cultivated mainly submerged in Japan), in temperate East Asia, upland areas of Southeast Asia, and high elevations in South Asia, while indica varieties are mainly lowland rices, grown mostly submerged, throughout tropical Asia. Rice occurs in a variety of colors, including white, brown, black, purple, and red rices.[1] [2] Black rice (also known as purple rice) is a range of rice types, some of which are glutinous rice. Varieties include Indonesian black rice and Thai jasmine black rice.

A third subspecies, which is broad-grained and thrives under tropical conditions, was identified based on morphology and initially called javanica, but is now known as tropical japonica. Examples of this variety include the medium-grain 'Tinawon' and 'Unoy' cultivars, which are grown in the high-elevation rice terraces of the Cordillera Mountains of northern Luzon, Philippines.[3]

Glaszmann (1987) used isozymes to sort O. sativa into six groups: japonica, aromatic, indica, aus, rayada, and ashina.[4]

Garris et al. (2004) used simple sequence repeats to sort O. sativa into five groups: temperate japonica, tropical japonica and aromatic comprise the japonica varieties, while indica and aus comprise the indica varieties.[5]

Rice has been cultivated since ancient times and oryza is a classical Latin word for rice. Sativa means "cultivated".

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  Water buffalo being used to plough rice fields in Java
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  Jumli Marshi, brown rice from Nepal
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  Traditional medicinal rice of Niyamgiri Hills, India
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  Medicinal rice of Chhattisgarh used as immune booster
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  O. sativa
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  Rice stem cross section magnified 400 times

• Black rice
• International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
• Japonica rice
• Maratelli rice
• Oryza glaberrima (African rice)
• Traceability of genetically modified organisms
• Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia