Monument historique
Monument historique (French: [mɔnymɑ̃ istɔʁik]) is a designation given to some national heritage sites in France. It may also refer to the state procedure in France by which National Heritage protection is extended to a building, a specific part of a building, a collection of buildings, garden, bridge, or other structure, because of their importance to France's architectural and historical cultural heritage.[1] Both public and privately owned structures may be listed in this way, as well as movable objects. As of 2012 there were 44,236 monuments listed.
Buildings may be given the classification for both their exteriors or interiors, including a building's décor, its furniture, a single room, or even a staircase. An example is the monument historique classification of the décor in the café "Deux Garçons" in Aix-en-Provence whose patrons once included Alphonse de Lamartine, Émile Zola and Paul Cézanne. Some buildings are designated because of their connection to a single personality, such as the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise which is designated an MH because of its connection to the painter Vincent van Gogh. Since the 1990s, a significant number of places have been given the designation because of their historical importance to science.
The MH designation traces its roots to the French Revolution when the government appointed Alexandre Lenoir to specify and safeguard certain structures. Though the first classifications were given in the 19th century by the writer Prosper Mérimée, inspector-general of historical monuments, by a first list established in 1840. In 1851, Mérimée organized the Missions Héliographiques to document France's medieval architecture.
A "monument historique" may be marked by the official logo, distribute by the Union Rempart, a French historical restoration associations union. It consists of a design representing the labyrinth that used to be in Reims Cathedral, which is itself a World Heritage Site. Use of the logo is optional.
Protection
There are two level of protection:
- The "classement au titre des monuments historiques" is a national level of importance for the objects or buildings ;
- The "inscription au titre des monuments historiques" is a regional level of importance for the objects or buildings (until 2005 formerly called "inventaire supplémentaire des monuments historiques", ISMH).
These two levels of protection are determined after a thorough historical study by the préfet for the région, or by the Minister of Culture for the national level. They are aided by the advice of a commission named Commission régionale du patrimoine et des sites.
Examples
Examples of buildings classified as monument historique include well known Parisian structures such as the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre, and the Palais Garnier opera house, plus abbeys, churches such as Corbiac, and cathedrals such as Notre Dame de Paris or hotels such as the Crillon. Many of the Châteaux of the Loire Valley, such as Château de Montsoreau, carry the MH designation, as do the renowned gardens at Château de Villandry and the home and gardens of Claude Monet in Giverny. The scope of the monuments covered is broad enough to include individual tombs of important people, for example, Napoleon I as well as less eminent people such as Agnès Souret, the first Miss France, whose tomb is in the Basque Country.
See also
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- Centre des monuments nationaux
- List of monuments historiques in Paris
- List of heritage registers
- List of World Heritage Sites in France
- National Heritage Site
- Tourism in France
References
- Bady, Jean-Pierre (1998). Les Monuments historiques en France. Presses Universitaires de France. p. 26.
- Website of the Réseau européen du patrimoine : Politiques nationales du patrimoine.
- (in French) Prosper Mérimée 1803-1870 The monuments historiques inspector Prosper Mérimée established the first list of "monuments classés" in 1840 and invented the concept of monuments historiques.
- (in French) Rules and regulations on monuments historiques
- (in French) Monumental parks and monuments historiques in need of work
Further reading
- Les Monuments Historiques de la France: bulletin trimestriel. Paris: Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques (in French)