List of lemur species

Lemurs are strepsirrhine primates, all species of which are endemic to Madagascar. They include the smallest primate in the world, Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, which weighs 30 grams (1.1 oz), and range up to the size of the indri, which can weigh as much as 9.5 kilograms (21 lb). However, recently extinct species grew much larger. As of 2010, five families, 15 genera, and 101 species and subspecies of lemur were formally recognized.[1] From 2000 through 2008, 39 new species were described and nine other taxa resurrected.[2] By 2014, the number of species and subspecies recognized had increased to 113; of these, the IUCN classified 24 as Critically Endangered, 49 as Endangered, 20 as Vulnerable, three as Near Threatened, three as Least Concern and four as Data Deficient; two were yet to be evaluated.

The ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) is one of 105 recognized species and subspecies of lemur found only in Madagascar.

The number of lemur species is likely to continue growing in the coming years, as field studies, cytogenetic and molecular genetic research continues.[2] There is not complete agreement over the latest revisions to lemur taxonomy, with some experts preferring an estimated 50 lemur species.[3] The debates are likely to continue, as some scholars label the explosive growth of species numbers as taxonomic inflation. In many cases, classifications will ultimately depend upon which species concept is used.[4] In the case of the lemurs of Madagascar, which have suffered extensively from deforestation and habitat fragmentation, nearly 25% of all species are either Endangered or Critically Endangered, most have yet to be extensively studied, and nearly all populations are in decline. For these reasons, taxonomists and conservationists favor splitting them into separate species to develop an effective strategy for the conservation of the full range of lemur diversity.[2] Implicitly, this means that full species status will help grant genetically distinct populations added environmental protection.

At least 17 species and eight genera are believed to have become extinct in the 2,000 years since humans first arrived in Madagascar.[5][6] All known extinct species were large, ranging in weight from 10 to 200 kg (22 to 441 lb). The largest known subfossil lemur was Archaeoindris fontoynonti, a giant sloth lemur, which weighed more than a modern female gorilla. The extinction of the largest lemurs is often attributed to predation by humans and possibly habitat destruction.[5] Since all extinct lemurs were not only large (and thus ideal prey species), but also slow-moving (and thus more vulnerable to human predation), their presumably slow-reproducing and low-density populations were least likely to survive the introduction of humans.[5] Gradual changes in climate have also been blamed, and may have played a minor role; however since the largest lemurs also survived the climatic changes from previous ice ages and only disappeared following the arrival of humans, it is unlikely that climatic change was largely responsible.[5]

There is strong evidence of extensive declines in extant populations since the introductions of humans, particularly among the larger and more specialized lemurs.[5] As long as habitats continue to shrink, degrade and fragment, extinctions are likely to continue.

Taxonomic classification

Lemurs are classified under eight families, three of which are extinct:

The silky sifaka, one of the most endangered primates in the world.
Mouse lemurs are the smallest primates in the world.
As of 2014 there are 5 species and 3 subspecies of bamboo lemurs recognized.
  • Family: †Archaeolemuridae : monkey lemurs
    • Genus: †Archaeolemur (2 extinct species)
    • Genus: †Hadropithecus (1 extinct species)
  • Family: Cheirogaleidae
    • Genus: Allocebus: hairy-eared dwarf lemur (1 extant species)
    • Genus: Cheirogaleus: dwarf lemurs (9 extant species)
    • Genus: Microcebus: mouse lemurs (24 extant species)
    • Genus: Mirza: giant mouse lemurs (2 extant species)
    • Genus: Phaner: fork-marked lemurs (4 extant species)
  • Family: Daubentoniidae: aye-aye
    • Genus: Daubentonia (1 extant species, 1 extinct species)
  • Family: Indriidae
    • Genus: Avahi: woolly lemurs (9 extant species)
    • Genus: Indri: indri (1 extant species)
    • Genus: Propithecus: sifakas (9 extant species)
  • Family: Lemuridae
    • Genus: Eulemur: true lemurs (12 extant species)
    • Genus: Hapalemur: bamboo lemurs (5 extant species, 3 extant subspecies)
    • Genus: Lemur: ring-tailed lemur (1 extant species)
    • Genus: †Pachylemur (2 extinct species)
    • Genus: Prolemur: greater bamboo lemur (1 extant species)
    • Genus: Varecia: ruffed lemurs (2 extant species, 3 extant subspecies)
  • Family: Lepilemuridae: sportive lemurs
    • Genus: Lepilemur (26 extant species)
  • Family: †Megaladapidae: koala lemurs
    • Genus: †Megaladapis (3 extinct species)
  • Family: †Palaeopropithecidae: sloth lemurs
    • Genus: †Archaeoindris (1 extinct species)
    • Genus: †Babakotia (1 extinct species)
    • Genus: †Mesopropithecus (3 extinct species)
    • Genus: †Palaeopropithecus (3 extinct species)

The placement of lemurs within the order Strepsirrhini is currently under debate, although both sides agree upon the same phylogenetic tree.[7]

  • Order Primates
    • Suborder Strepsirrhini: lemurs, galagos, and lorisids
      • Infraorder Lemuriformes
        • Superfamily Lemuroidea
          • Family †Archaeolemuridae
          • Family Cheirogaleidae
          • Family Daubentoniidae
          • Family Indriidae
          • Family Lemuridae
          • Family Lepilemuridae
          • Family †Megaladapidae
          • Family †Palaeopropithecidae
        • Superfamily Lorisoidea
    • Suborder Haplorrhini: tarsiers, monkeys and apes

Key
Scientific name Latin binomial name, or Latin name, of the species
Common name Common name of the species, per Wilson, et al. Mammal Species of the World (2005) or Mittermeier, et al. "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar" (2008) Family Family within the Suborder Strepsirrhini to which the species belongs
Classified Date in which the species was formally described and classified, as well as the binomial authority on the species
Average size Average size of adult members of the species, in metric and English weight units
Estimated size Estimated Average size of adult members of the extinct species
Conservation status Conservation status of the species, per IUCN as of 2008

Extant species
Main article: Lemur

All lemurs belong to the suborder Strepsirrhini within the order Primates. The 101 extant species and subspecies are divided among 5 families and 15 genera. They range in weight from 30 g (1.1 oz) (Madame Berthe's mouse lemur) to as much as 9.5 kg (21 lb) (indri). Most are highly arboreal and activity patterns range widely from nocturnal to diurnal to cathemeral. Having diversified over millions of years to fill every ecological niche, diets also vary widely, though fruit, leaves, and insects make up the majority of the diet for most species.

Family: Cheirogaleidae

Family Cheirogaleidae consists of the mouse lemurs (smallest of all primates), the dwarf lemurs, and the fork-marked lemurs and their allies. There are 37 extant species.

The gray mouse lemur is one of as many as 21 tiny, nocturnal mouse lemur species.
Fork-marked lemurs are the among the largest of the cheirogaleids.
Scientific name Common name Classified Average size Conservation status References
Allocebus trichotis Hairy-eared dwarf lemur 1875, Günther 65–90 g (2.3–3.2 oz)
Vulnerable		 [2][8][9][10]
Cheirogaleus andysabini Montagne d'Ambre dwarf lemur 2015, Lei et al. 282 ± 61 g (9.9 ± 2.2 oz) Not Evaluated [11]
Cheirogaleus crossleyi Furry-eared dwarf lemur 1870, A. Grandidier 250–500 g (8.8–17.6 oz)[d]
Data Deficient		 [2][12][13][14][15]
Cheirogaleus grovesi Groves' dwarf lemur 2017, McLain et al. 410 g (14 oz) Not Evaluated [16]
Cheirogaleus lavasoensis Lavasoa dwarf lemur 2013, Thiele et al. 300 g (11 oz) Not Evaluated [17]
Cheirogaleus major Greater dwarf lemur 1812, É. Geoffroy 350–400 g (12–14 oz)
Data Deficient		 [2][18][19][20]
Cheirogaleus medius Fat-tailed dwarf lemur 1812, É. Geoffroy 120–270 g (4.2–9.5 oz)
Least Concern		 [2][21][22][23]
Cheirogaleus minusculus Lesser iron-gray dwarf lemur 2000, Groves unknown
Data Deficient		 [2][24][25][26]
Cheirogaleus shethi Ankarana dwarf lemur 2016, Frasier et al. 115 ± 11 g (4.06 ± 0.39 oz) Not Evaluated [27]
Cheirogaleus sibreei Sibree's dwarf lemur 1896, Forsyth Major unknown
Critically Endangered		 [2][28][29][30]
Microcebus arnholdi Arnhold's mouse lemur 2008, E. Lewis, Jr. et al. 49.7 g (1.75 oz)
Endangered		 [31]
Microcebus berthae Madame Berthe's mouse lemur 2000, Rasoloarison et al. 30 g (1.1 oz)
Endangered		 [2][32][33][34]
Microcebus bongolavensis Bongolava mouse lemur 2007, Olivieri et al. 54 g (1.9 oz)[d]
Endangered		 [2][35][36]
Microcebus boraha Boraha mouse lemur 2016, Hotaling et al. [37]
Microcebus danfossi Danfoss' mouse lemur 2007, Olivieri et al. 63 g (2.2 oz)[d]
Endangered		 [2][38][39]
Microcebus ganzhorni Ganzhorn's mouse lemur 2016, Hotaling et al. [37]
Microcebus gerpi Gerp's mouse lemur 2012, Radespiel et al. 68 g (2.4 oz)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [40]
Microcebus griseorufus Reddish-gray mouse lemur 1910, Kollman 46–79 g (1.6–2.8 oz)
Least Concern		 [2][41][42][43]
Microcebus jollyae Jolly's mouse lemur 2006, Louis et al. 60 g (2.1 oz)[d]
Endangered		 [2][44]
Microcebus lehilahytsara Goodman's mouse lemur 2005, Roos and Kappeler 45–48 g (1.6–1.7 oz)
Vulnerable		 [2][45][46]
Microcebus macarthurii MacArthur's mouse lemur 2008, Radespiel et al. unknown
Endangered		 [2]
Microcebus manitatra Manitatra mouse lemur 2016, Hotaling et al. [37]
Microcebus marohita Marohita mouse lemur 2013, Rasoloarison et al. 89 g (3.1 oz)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [47]
Microcebus mamiratra Claire's mouse lemur 2006, Andriantompohavana et al. 61 g (2.2 oz)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [2][48][49]
Microcebus margotmarshae Margot Marsh's mouse lemur 2006, Andriantompohavana et al. 41 g (1.4 oz)
Endangered		 [31]
Microcebus mittermeieri Mittermeier's mouse lemur 2006, Louis et al. 40 g (1.4 oz)[d]
Endangered		 [2][50]
Microcebus murinus Gray mouse lemur 1777, Miller 60 g (2.1 oz)
Least Concern		 [2][51][52][53]
Microcebus myoxinus Pygmy mouse lemur 1852, Peters 43–55 g (1.5–1.9 oz)
Vulnerable		 [2][54][55][56]
Microcebus ravelobensis Golden-brown mouse lemur 1998, Zimmerman et al. 56–87 g (2.0–3.1 oz)
Endangered		 [2][57][58][59]
Microcebus rufus Brown mouse lemur 1834, É. Geoffroy 40–50 g (1.4–1.8 oz)
Vulnerable		 [2][60][61][62]
Microcebus sambiranensis Sambirano mouse lemur 2000, Rasoloarison et al. 38–50 g (1.3–1.8 oz)
Endangered		 [2][63][64][65]
Microcebus simmonsi Simmons' mouse lemur 2006, Louis et al. 78 g (2.8 oz)[d]
Endangered		 [2][66]
Microcebus tanosi Anosy mouse lemur 2013, Rasoloarison et al. unknown Not Evaluated [47]
Microcebus tavaratra Northern rufous mouse lemur 2000, Rasoloarison et al. 45–77 g (1.6–2.7 oz)
Vulnerable		 [2][67][68][69]
Mirza coquereli Coquerel's giant mouse lemur 1867, A. Grandidier 300–320 g (11–11 oz)
Endangered		 [2][70][71][72]
Mirza zaza Northern giant mouse lemur 2005, Kappeler & Roos 287–299 g (10.1–10.5 oz)
Endangered		 [2][73][74]
Phaner electromontis Amber Mountain fork-marked lemur 1991, Groves and Tattersall 350–500 g (12–18 oz)[d]
Endangered		 [2][75][76][77][78]
Phaner furcifer Masoala fork-marked lemur 1839, Blainville 350–500 g (12–18 oz)[d]
Vulnerable		 [2][75][79][80][81]
Phaner pallescens Pale fork-marked lemur 1991, Groves and Tattersall 330 g (12 oz)
Endangered		 [2][82][83][84]
Phaner parienti Pariente's fork-marked lemur 1991, Groves and Tattersall 350–500 g (12–18 oz)[d]
Endangered		 [2][75][76][85][86]

Family: Lemuridae

Family Lemuridae consists of the ring-tailed lemur, the brown lemurs, the bamboo lemurs and the ruffed lemurs. There are 21 extant species and six subspecies.

The red-fronted lemur, like other brown lemurs, is sexually dichromatic (the sexes have different colorations).
The ring-tailed lemur is highly social and is the most popularly known lemur species.
Ruffed lemurs are the largest of the extant lemurids.
Scientific name Common name Classified Average size Conservation status References
Eulemur albifrons White-fronted brown lemur 1796, É. Geoffroy 2.2–2.6 kg (4.9–5.7 lb)
Endangered		 [2][87][88][89]
Eulemur cinereiceps[b] Gray-headed lemur 1890, Grandidier and Milne-Edwards 2–2.5 kg (4.4–5.5 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][90][91][92]
Eulemur collaris Collared brown lemur 1812, É. Geoffroy 2.25–2.5 kg (5.0–5.5 lb)
Endangered		 [2][93][94][95]
Eulemur coronatus Crowned lemur 1842, Gray 1.1–1.3 kg (2.4–2.9 lb)
Endangered		 [2][96][97][98]
Eulemur flavifrons Blue-eyed black lemur 1867, Gray 1.8–1.9 kg (4.0–4.2 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][99][100]
Eulemur fulvus Common brown lemur 1812, É. Geoffroy 2–3 kg (4.4–6.6 lb)
Near Threatened		 [2][101][102][103]
Eulemur macaco Black lemur 1766, Linnaeus 2–2.9 kg (4.4–6.4 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][104][105][106]
Eulemur mongoz Mongoose lemur 1766, Linnaeus 1.1–1.6 kg (2.4–3.5 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][107][108][109]
Eulemur rubriventer Red-bellied lemur 1850, I. Geoffroy 1.6–2.4 kg (3.5–5.3 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][110][111][112]
Eulemur rufifrons[a] Red-fronted lemur 1833, Bennett 2.2–2.3 kg (4.9–5.1 lb)
Near Threatened		 [2][113][114]
Eulemur rufus[a] Red lemur 1799, Audebert 2.2–2.3 kg (4.9–5.1 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][115]
Eulemur sanfordi Sanford's brown lemur 1932, Archbold 1.8–1.9 kg (4.0–4.2 lb)
Endangered		 [2][116][117][118]
Hapalemur alaotrensis Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur 1975, Rumpler 1.1–1.4 kg (2.4–3.1 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][119][120][121]
Hapalemur aureus Golden bamboo lemur 1987, Meier et al. 1.3–1.7 kg (2.9–3.7 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][122][123][124]
Hapalemur griseus gilberti Beanamalao bamboo lemur 2007, Rabarivola et al. 0.967 kg (2.13 lb)
Endangered		 [125][126]
Hapalemur griseus griseus Eastern lesser bamboo lemur 1795, Link 0.7–1 kg (1.5–2.2 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][127][128][129]
Hapalemur griseus ranomafanensis Ranomafana bamboo lemur 2007, Rabarivola et al. 0.7–0.85 kg (1.5–1.9 lb)
Data Deficient		 [130]
Hapalemur meridionalis Southern lesser bamboo lemur 1987, Warter, et al. 0.75–1.05 kg (1.7–2.3 lb)[d]
Vulnerable		 [2][131][132][133][134]
Hapalemur occidentalis Western lesser bamboo lemur 1975, Rumpler 1 kg (2.2 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][135][136][137]
Lemur catta Ring-tailed lemur 1756, Linnaeus 2.3–3.5 kg (5.1–7.7 lb)
Endangered		 [2][138][139][140]
Prolemur simus Greater bamboo lemur 1871, Gray 2.2–2.5 kg (4.9–5.5 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][141][142][143]
Varecia rubra Red ruffed lemur 1812, É. Geoffroy 3.3–3.6 kg (7.3–7.9 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][144][145][146]
Varecia variegata editorum Southern black-and-white ruffed lemur 1953, Osman Hill 3.1–3.6 kg (6.8–7.9 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][147][148][149]
Varecia variegata subcincta White-belted black-and-white ruffed lemur 1833, A. Smith 3.1–3.6 kg (6.8–7.9 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][150][151][152]
Varecia variegata variegata Black-and-white ruffed lemur 1792, Kerr 3.1–3.6 kg (6.8–7.9 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][153][154][155]

Family: Lepilemuridae

Family Lepilemuridae consists solely of the sportive lemurs. As of 2014, there are 26 extant species.

The Sahamalaza sportive lemur is one of 26 species of sportive lemur.
Scientific name Common name Classified Average size Conservation status References
Lepilemur aeeclis Antafia sportive lemur 2006, Andriaholinirina et al. 0.765–0.97 kg (1.69–2.14 lb)[d]
Vulnerable		 [2][156][157]
Lepilemur ahmansonorum Ahmanson's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.61 kg (1.3 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][158][159]
Lepilemur ankaranensis Ankarana sportive lemur 1975, Rumpler & Albignac 0.75 kg (1.7 lb)
Endangered		 [2][160][161][162]
Lepilemur betsileo Betsileo sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 1.15 kg (2.5 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][163][164]
Lepilemur dorsalis Gray-backed sportive lemur 1870, Gray 0.5 kg (1.1 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][165][166][167]
Lepilemur edwardsi Milne-Edwards' sportive lemur 1894, Forsyth Major 1 kg (2.2 lb)
Endangered		 [2][168][169][170]
Lepilemur fleuretae Fleurete's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.98 kg (2.2 lb)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [2][171][172]
Lepilemur grewcockorum Grewcock's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.78 kg (1.7 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][173][174]
Lepilemur hollandorum Holland's sportive lemur 2009, Ramaromilanto et al. 0.99 kg (2.2 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [175]
Lepilemur hubbardorum Hubbard's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.99 kg (2.2 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][176][177]
Lepilemur jamesorum James' sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.78 kg (1.7 lb)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [2][178][179]
Lepilemur leucopus White-footed sportive lemur 1894, Forsyth Major 0.6 kg (1.3 lb)
Endangered		 [2][180][181][182]
Lepilemur microdon Small-toothed sportive lemur 1894, Forsyth Major 0.8–1.0 kg (1.8–2.2 lb)
Endangered		 [2][183][184][185]
Lepilemur milanoii Daraina sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.72 kg (1.6 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][186][187]
Lepilemur mittermeieri Mittermeier's sportive lemur 2006, Rabarivola et al. unknown
Endangered		 [2][188]
Lepilemur mustelinus Weasel sportive lemur 1851, I. Geoffroy 1 kg (2.2 lb)
Near Threatened		 [2][189][190][191]
Lepilemur otto Otto's sportive lemur 2007, Craul et al. unknown
Endangered		 [2][192]
Lepilemur petteri Petter's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.63 kg (1.4 lb)[d]
Vulnerable		 [2][193][194]
Lepilemur randrianasoloi Randrianasolo's sportive lemur 2006, Andriaholinirina et al. 0.66–0.88 kg (1.5–1.9 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][195][196]
Lepilemur ruficaudatus Red-tailed sportive lemur 1867, A. Grandidier 0.76–0.95 kg (1.7–2.1 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][197][198][199]
Lepilemur sahamalazensis Sahamalaza sportive lemur 2006, Andriaholinirina et al. 0.687–0.892 kg (1.51–1.97 lb)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [2][200][201]
Lepilemur scottorum Scott's sportive lemur 2008, Lei et al. unknown
Endangered		 [2]
Lepilemur seali Seal's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.95 kg (2.1 lb)[d]
Vulnerable		 [2][202][203]
Lepilemur septentrionalis Northern sportive lemur 1975, Rumpler & Albignac 0.75 kg (1.7 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][204][205][206]
Lepilemur tymerlachsoni Hawks' sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.88 kg (1.9 lb)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [2][207][208]
Lepilemur wrightae Wright's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.95 kg (2.1 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][209][210]

Family: Indriidae

Family Indriidae consists of the indri (the largest extant lemur), the woolly lemurs and the sifakas. There are 19 extant species.

The indri is one of the two largest extant lemurs.
Sifakas are vertical clingers and jumpers and are represented by 9 species.
Scientific name Common name Classified Average size Conservation status References
Avahi betsileo Betsileo woolly lemur 2007, Andriantompohavana et al. unknown
Endangered		 [2][211]
Avahi cleesei Cleese's woolly lemur 2005, Thalmann and Geissmann 0.83 kg (1.8 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][212][213]
Avahi laniger Eastern woolly lemur 1788, Gmelin 0.9–1.3 kg (2.0–2.9 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][214][215][216]
Avahi meridionalis Southern woolly lemur 2006, Zaramody et al. unknown
Endangered		 [2][217]
Avahi mooreorum Moore's woolly lemur 2008, Lei et al. unknown
Endangered		 [2]
Avahi occidentalis Western woolly lemur 1898, von Lorenz-Liburnau 0.7–0.9 kg (1.5–2.0 lb)
Endangered		 [2][218][219][220]
Avahi peyrierasi Peyrieras's woolly lemur 2006, Zaramody et al. unknown
Vulnerable		 [2][221]
Avahi ramanantsoavani Ramanantsoavana's woolly lemur 2006, Zaramody et al. unknown
Vulnerable		 [2][222]
Avahi unicolor Sambirano woolly lemur 2000, Thalmann and Geissmann 0.7–1 kg (1.5–2.2 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][223][224][225][226]
Indri indri Indri 1788, Gmelin 6–9.5 kg (13–21 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][227][228][229]
Propithecus candidus Silky sifaka 1871, A. Grandidier 5–6 kg (11–13 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][230][231][232]
Propithecus coquereli Coquerel's sifaka 1867, A. Grandidier 3.7–4.3 kg (8.2–9.5 lb)
Endangered		 [2][233][234][235]
Propithecus coronatus Crowned sifaka 1871, Milne-Edwards 3.5–4.3 kg (7.7–9.5 lb)
Endangered		 [2][236][237][238]
Propithecus deckenii Von der Decken's sifaka 1870, A. Grandidier 3–4.5 kg (6.6–9.9 lb)
Endangered		 [2][239][240][241]
Propithecus diadema Diademed sifaka 1832, Bennett 6–8.5 kg (13–19 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][242][243][244]
Propithecus edwardsi Milne-Edwards's sifaka 1871, A. Grandidier 5–6.5 kg (11–14 lb)
Endangered		 [2][245][246][247]
Propithecus perrieri Perrier's sifaka 1931, Lavauden 4.3–5 kg (9.5–11.0 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][248][249][250]
Propithecus tattersalli Golden-crowned sifaka 1988, Simons 3.4–3.6 kg (7.5–7.9 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][251][252][253]
Propithecus verreauxi Verreaux's sifaka 1867, A. Grandidier 3–3.5 kg (6.6–7.7 lb)
Endangered		 [2][254][255][256]

Family: Daubentoniidae

Family Daubentoniidae contains only one surviving species, of the aye-aye. Wide-ranging genetic studies have shown that it separated from the ancestral lemurs long before any other branch of the modern Lemuriformes.[2]

The aye-aye has many physical traits unique for a primate and is monotypic within its family.
Scientific name Common name Classified Average size Conservation status References
Daubentonia madagascariensis Aye-aye 1788, Gmelin 2.5 kg (5.5 lb)
Endangered		 [2][257][258][259]

Unconfirmed species

Reports of new species continue to trickle in from the field. However, these reports require further scientific evaluation before their claims can be verified.


Extinct species
Main article: Subfossil lemur

All known extinct lemurs from Madagascar are known from recent, subfossil remains.[260] Conditions for fossilization were not ideal on the island, so little is known about ancestral lemur populations. All known extinct lemurs are thought to have died out after the arrival of humans.

Scientific name Common name Family Estimated size Extinction date References
Archaeoindris fontoynonti Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 160–200 kg (350–440 lb) 350 BCE [261][262][263]
Archaeolemur edwardsi Monkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs) Archaeolemuridae 15–25 kg (33–55 lb) 1047–1280 CE [264][265]
Archaeolemur majori Monkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs) Archaeolemuridae 15–25 kg (33–55 lb) 1047–1280 CE [264][265]
Babakotia radofilai Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 16–20 kg (35–44 lb) 3050 BCE[c] [261][262]
Daubentonia robusta Giant aye-aye Daubentoniidae 14 kg (31 lb) 891–1027 CE [266][267]
Hadropithecus stenognathus Monkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs) Archaeolemuridae 27–35 kg (60–77 lb) 444–772 CE [264][265]
Megaladapis edwardsi Koala lemurs Megaladapidae 40–80 kg (88–176 lb) 1280–1420 CE [268][269]
Megaladapis grandidieri Koala lemurs Megaladapidae 40–80 kg (88–176 lb) 1280–1420 CE [268][269]
Megaladapis madagascariensis Koala lemurs Megaladapidae 40–80 kg (88–176 lb) 1280–1420 CE [268][269]
Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 10–14 kg (22–31 lb) 245–429 CE [261][262]
Mesopropithecus globiceps Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 10–14 kg (22–31 lb) 245–429 CE [261][262]
Mesopropithecus pithecoides Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 10–14 kg (22–31 lb) 245–429 CE [261][262]
Pachylemur insignis Pachylemur Lemuridae 11.5 kg (25 lb) 680–960 BCE [270]
Pachylemur jullyi Pachylemur Lemuridae 13 kg (29 lb) Holocene [270]
Palaeopropithecus ingens Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 25–50 kg (55–110 lb) 1300–1620 CE [261][262]
Palaeopropithecus kelyus Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 35 kg (77 lb) Late Quaternary [6]
Palaeopropithecus maximus Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 25–50 kg (55–110 lb) 1300–1620 CE [261][262]

See also
  • List of mammals of Madagascar
  • List of primates

Footnotes
  • a In 2008, the red lemur, Eulemur rufus, was split into two species, Eulemur rufus (red lemur) and Eulemur rufifrons (red-fronted lemur). Also, Eulemur rufus was previously known as the red-fronted lemur, but was renamed the red lemur, while Eulemur rufifrons assumed its former name.[2]
  • b Formerly referred to as Eulemur albocollaris or white-collared brown lemur, but was changed in 2008.[2]
  • c This extinction date for Babakotia radofilai is based on a single radiocarbon date from one specimen. For this reason, it is hard to tell when this species became extinct or how it is related to other lemur species.[261]
  • d Average weights reported for this species are based on very small sample sizes or are general ranges for its genus and thus require further research.

Notes
  1. Mittermeier et al. 2010, pp. 86–87
  2. Mittermeier, R. A.; Ganzhorn, J. U.; Konstant, W. R.; Glander, K.; Tattersall, I.; Groves, C. P.; Rylands, A. B.; Hapke, A.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Mayor, M. I.; Louis, E. E.; Rumpler, Y.; Schwitzer, C.; Rasoloarison, R. M. (2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology. 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y. hdl:10161/6237.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  3. Yoder, A.D. (2007). "Lemurs: a quick guide" (PDF). Current Biology. 17 (20): 866–868. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.050. PMID 17956741.
  4. Tattersall, I. (2007). "Madagascar's Lemurs: Cryptic diversity or taxonomic inflation?". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 16 (1): 12–23. doi:10.1002/evan.20126.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  5. Mittermeier, pp. 50–51
  6. Gommery, D.; Ramanivosoa, B.; Tombomiadana-Raveloson, S.; Randrianantenaina, H.; Kerloc'h, P. (2009). "A new species of giant subfossil lemur from the North-West of Madagascar (Palaeopropithecus kelyus, Primates)". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 8 (5): 471–480. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2009.02.001. Lay summary (27 May 2009).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  7. Cartmill 2010, pp. 10–30
  8. Mittermeier, pp. 130–135
  9. Groves, C.P. (2005). "Allocebus trichotis". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  10. Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V. N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008). "Allocebus trichotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  11. Lei, R.; McLain, A. T.; Frasier, C. L.; Taylor, J. M.; Bailey, C. A.; Engberg, S. E.; Ginter, A. L.; Nash, S. D.; Randriamampionona, R.; Groves, C. P.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Louis, Jr., E. E. (2015). "A New Species in the Genus Cheirogaleus (Cheirogaleidae)" (PDF). Primate Conservation. 29 (2): 1–12. doi:10.1896/052.029.0103. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015.
  12. Mittermeier, pp. 158–159
  13. Garbutt, pp. 103–104
  14. Groves, C.P. (2005). "Cheirogaleus crossleyi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  15. Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V. N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008). "Cheirogaleus crossleyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  16. McLain, A. T.; Lei, R.; Frasier, C. L.; Taylor, J. M.; Bailey, C. A.; Robertson, B. A. D.; Nash, S. D.; Randriamanana, J. C.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Louis, E. E. Jr. (2017). "A New Cheirogaleus (Cheirogaleidae: Cheirogaleus crossleyi Group) Species from Southeastern Madagascar" (PDF). Primate Conservation. 31: 27–36.
  17. Thiele, D.; Razafimahatratra, E.; Hapke, A. (2013). "Discrepant partitioning of genetic diversity in mouse lemurs and dwarf lemurs – biological reality or taxonomic bias?". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 593–609. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.019. PMID 23899779.
  18. Mittermeier, pp. 155–157
  19. Groves, C.P. (2005). "Cheirogaleus major". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  20. Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V. N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008). "Cheirogaleus major". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  21. Mittermeier, pp. 160–163
  22. Groves, C.P. (2005). "Cheirogaleus medius". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  23. Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V. N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008). "Cheirogaleus medius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  24. Mittermeier, p. 166
  25. Groves, C.P. (2005). "Cheirogaleus minusculus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  26. Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V. N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008). "Cheirogaleus minusculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  27. Frasier, C. L.; Lei, R.; McLain, A. T.; Taylor, J. M.; Bailey, C. A.; Ginter, A. L.; Nash, S. D.; Randriamampionona, R.; Groves, C. P.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Louis, Jr., E. E. (2016). "A New Species of Dwarf Lemur (Cheirogaleidae: Cheirogaleus medius Group) from the Ankarana and Andrafiamena-Andavakoera Massifs, Madagascar" (PDF). Primate Conservation. 30: 59–72.
  28. Mittermeier, p. 168
  29. Groves, C.P. (2005). "Cheirogaleus sibreei". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  30. Andrainarivo, C.; Andriaholinirina, V. N.; Feistner, A.; Felix, T.; Ganzhorn, J.; Garbutt, N.; Golden, C.; Konstant, B.; Louis Jr., E.; Meyers, D.; et al. (2008). "Cheirogaleus sibreei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  31. Louis, E. E.; Engberg, S. E.; McGuire, S. M.; McCormick, M. J.; Randriamampionona, R.; Ranaivoarisoa, J. F.; Bailey, C. A.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Lei, R. (2008). "Revision of the mouse lemurs, Microcebus (Primates, Lemuriformes), of northern and northwestern Madagascar with descriptions of two new species at Montagne d'Ambre National Park and Antafondro Classified Forest" (PDF). Primate Conservation. 23: 19–38. doi:10.1896/052.023.0103. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  32. Mittermeier, pp. 98–100
  33. Groves, C.P. (2005). "Microcebus berthae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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  35. Garbutt, pp. 98–99
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  38. Garbutt, p. 99
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  246. Groves, C.P. (2005). "Propithecus edwardsi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 120. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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  248. Mittermeier, pp. 388–390
  249. Groves, C.P. (2005). "Propithecus perrieri". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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  253. Groves, C.P. (2005). "Propithecus tattersalli". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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  255. Groves, C.P. (2005). "Propithecus verreauxi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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  257. Mittermeier, pp. 410–415
  258. Groves, C.P. (2005). "Daubentonia madagascariensis". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  259. Andrainarivo, C.; et al. (2008). "Daubentonia madagascariensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  260. Mittermeier, p. 23
  261. Mittermeier, pp. 44–46
  262. Nowak, pp. 89–91
  263. William L. Jungers; Laurie R. Godfrey; Elwyn L. Simons & Prithijit S. Chatrath (28 October 1997). "Phalangeal curvature and positional behavior in extinct sloth lemurs (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae)". PNAS. 94 (22): 11998–12001. Bibcode:1997PNAS...9411998J. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.22.11998. PMC 23681. PMID 11038588.
  264. Mittermeier, p. 43
  265. Nowak, pp. 91–92
  266. Mittermeier, p. 50
  267. Nowak, p. 92
  268. Mittermeier, pp. 46–49
  269. Nowak, p. 83
  270. Godfrey, Jungers & Burney 2010, p. 354, 361.

References
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