Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)

In 1997, producer David Heyman searched for a children's book that could be adapted into a well-received film.[23] He had planned to produce Diana Wynne Jones' novel The Ogre Downstairs, but his plans fell through. His staff at Heyday Films then suggested Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, which his assistant believed was "a cool idea."[23] Heyman pitched the idea to Warner Bros.[24] and in 1999, Rowling sold the company the rights to the first four Harry Potter books for a reported £1 million.[25] A demand Rowling made was for Heyman to keep the cast strictly British and Irish; the latter's case has Richard Harris as Dumbledore, and not to cast foreign actors unless absolutely necessary, like casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such.[26] Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she "didn't want to give them control over the rest of the story" by selling the rights to the characters, which would have enabled Warner Bros. to make non-author-written sequels.[27]

Although Steven Spielberg initially negotiated to direct the film, he declined the offer.[28] Spielberg reportedly wanted the adaptation to be an animated film, with American actor Haley Joel Osment to provide Harry Potter's voice,[29] or a film that incorporated elements from subsequent books as well.[30] Spielberg contended that, in his opinion, it was like "shooting ducks in a barrel. It's just a slam dunk. It's just like withdrawing a billion dollars and putting it into your personal bank accounts. There's no challenge."[31] Rowling maintains that she had no role in choosing directors for the films and that "[a]nyone who thinks I could (or would) have 'veto-ed' [sic] him [Spielberg] needs their Quick-Quotes Quill serviced."[32] Heyman recalled that Spielberg decided to direct A.I. Artificial Intelligence instead.[30]

After Spielberg left, talks began with other directors, including: Chris Columbus, Terry Gilliam, Jonathan Demme, Mike Newell, Alan Parker, Wolfgang Petersen, Rob Reiner, Ivan Reitman, Tim Robbins, Brad Silberling, M. Night Shyamalan and Peter Weir.[30][33][34] Petersen and Reiner both pulled out of the running in March 2000,[35] and the choice was narrowed down to Silberling, Columbus, Parker and Gilliam.[36] Rowling's first choice director was Terry Gilliam,[37] but Warner Bros. chose Columbus, citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire as influences for their decision.[38] Columbus pitched his vision of the film for two hours, stating that he wanted the Muggle scenes "to be bleak and dreary" but those set in the wizarding world "to be steeped in color, mood, and detail." He took inspiration from David Lean's adaptations of Great Expectations (1946) and Oliver Twist (1948), wishing to use "that sort of darkness, that sort of edge, that quality to the cinematography," while being further inspired by the colour designs from Oliver! (1968) and The Godfather (1972).[30]

Steve Kloves was selected to write the screenplay. He described adapting the book as "tough", as it did not "lend itself to adaptation as well as the next two books."[39] Kloves often received synopses of books proposed as film adaptations from Warner Bros., which he "almost never read", but Harry Potter jumped out at him.[24] He went out and bought the book, and became an instant fan of the series.[39] When speaking to Warner Bros., he stated that the film had to be British, and had to be true to the characters.[39] Kloves was nervous when he first met Rowling as he did not want her to think he was going to "[destroy] her baby."[24] Rowling admitted that she "was really ready to hate this Steve Kloves," but recalled her initial meeting with him: "The first time I met him, he said to me, 'You know who my favourite character is?' And I thought, You're gonna say Ron. I know you're gonna say Ron. But he said 'Hermione.' And I just kind of melted."[24] Rowling received a large amount of creative control, an arrangement that Columbus did not mind.

Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the film over 4 July 2001 weekend, making for such a short production window that several proposed directors pulled themselves out of the running. Due to time constraints, the date was put back to 16 November 2001.[40]

Rowling insisted that the cast be kept British.[26] Susie Figgis was appointed as casting director, working with both Columbus and Rowling in auditioning the lead roles of Harry, Ron and Hermione.[41] Open casting calls were held for the main three roles,[42] with only British children being considered.[43] The principal auditions took place in three parts, with those auditioning having to read a page from the novel, then to improvise a scene of the students' arrival at Hogwarts, and finally to read several pages from the script in front of Columbus.[43] Scenes from Columbus' script for the 1985 film Young Sherlock Holmes were also used in auditions.[44] On 11 July 2000, Figgis left the production, complaining that Columbus did not consider any of the thousands of children they had auditioned "worthy".[44] On 8 August 2000, the virtually unknown Daniel Radcliffe and newcomers Rupert Grint and Emma Watson were selected to play Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, respectively.[45]

Alnwick Castle was used as a principal filming location for Hogwarts.

Two British film industry officials requested that the film be shot in the United Kingdom, offering their assistance in securing filming locations, the use of Leavesden Film Studios, as well as changing the UK's child labour laws (adding a small number of working hours per week and making the timing of on-set classes more flexible).[30] Warner Bros. accepted their proposal. Filming began on 29 September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and concluded on 23 March 2001,[46] with final work being done in July.[33][47] Principal photography took place on 2 October 2000 at North Yorkshire's Goathland railway station.[48] Canterbury Cathedral and Scotland's Inverailort Castle were both touted as possible locations for Hogwarts; Canterbury rejected Warner Bros. proposal due to concerns about the film's "pagan" theme.[49][50] Alnwick Castle and Gloucester Cathedral were eventually selected as the principal locations for Hogwarts,[6] with some scenes also being filmed at Harrow School.[51] Other Hogwarts scenes were filmed in Durham Cathedral over a two-week period;[52] these included shots of the corridors and some classroom scenes.[53] Oxford University's Divinity School served as the Hogwarts Hospital Wing, and Duke Humfrey's Library, part of the Bodleian, was used as the Hogwarts Library.[54] Filming for Privet Drive took place on Picket Post Close in Bracknell, Berkshire.[52] Filming in the street took two days instead of the planned single day, so payments to the street's residents were correspondingly increased.[52] For all the subsequent film's scenes set in Privet Drive, filming took place on a constructed set in Leavesden Film Studios, which proved to be cheaper than filming on location.[55] London's Australia House was selected as the location for Gringotts Wizarding Bank,[6] while Christ Church, Oxford was the location for the Hogwarts trophy room.[56] London Zoo was used as the location for the scene in which Harry accidentally sets a snake on Dudley,[56] with King's Cross Station also being used as the book specifies.[57]

The store in London used as the exterior of The Leaky Cauldron.

Because the American title was different, all scenes that mention the philosopher's stone by name had to be re-shot, once with the actors saying "philosopher's" and once with "sorcerer's".[33] The children filmed for four hours and then did three hours of schoolwork. They developed a liking for fake facial injuries from the makeup staff. Radcliffe was initially meant to wear green contact lenses as his eyes are blue, and not green like Harry's, but the lenses gave Radcliffe extreme irritation. Upon consultation with Rowling, it was agreed that Harry could have blue eyes.[58]

Judianna Makovsky designed the costumes. She re-designed the Quidditch robes, having initially planned to use those shown on the cover of the American book, but deemed them "a mess." Instead, she dressed the Quidditch players in "preppie sweaters, 19th-century fencing breeches and arm guards."[59] Production designer Stuart Craig built the sets at Leavesden Studios, including Hogwarts Great Hall, basing it on many English cathedrals. Although originally asked to use an existing old street to film the Diagon Alley scenes, Craig decided to build his own set, comprising Tudor, Georgian and Queen Anne architecture.[59]

Columbus originally planned to use both animatronics and CGI animation to create the magical creatures, including Fluffy.[41] Nick Dudman, who worked on Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, was given the task of creating the needed prosthetics, with Jim Henson's Creature Shop providing creature effects.[60] John Coppinger stated that the magical creatures that needed to be created had to be designed multiple times.[61] The film features nearly 600 special effects shots, involving numerous companies. Industrial Light & Magic created Lord Voldemort's face on the back of Quirrell, Rhythm & Hues animated Norbert (Hagrid's baby dragon); and Sony Pictures Imageworks produced the Quidditch scenes.[62]

John Williams

John Williams was selected to compose the score.[63] Williams composed the score at his homes in Los Angeles and Tanglewood before recording it in London in September 2001. One of the main themes is entitled "Hedwig's Theme"; Williams retained it for his finished score as "everyone seemed to like it," and it became a recurring theme throughout the series.[64] The soundtrack album was released on 30 October 2001 in CD format.[64]

The first teaser poster was released on 1 December 2000.[69] The first teaser trailer was released via satellite on 2 March 2001 and debuted in cinemas with the release of See Spot Run.[70] A video game based on the film was released on 15 November 2001 by Electronic Arts for several consoles.[64] A port for the game, for the GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox, was released in 2003.[71] Mattel won the rights to produce toys based on the film, to be sold exclusively through Warner Brothers' stores.[72] Hasbro also produced products, including confectionery products based on those from the series.[73] Warner Bros. signed a deal worth US$150 million with Coca-Cola to promote the film,[57] although some pindened the deal at $40 million-$50 million worldwide for the movie.[74] Lego produced a series of sets based on buildings and scenes from the film, as well as a Lego Creator video game.[75]

Warner Bros. first released the film on VHS and DVD on 11 May 2002 in the UK[76][77] and 28 May 2002 in the US.[78] The VHS and DVD (The Special Edition) was re-released in 7 May 2004[79] An Ultimate Edition was later released exclusively in the US that included a Blu-ray and DVD. The release contains an extended version of the film, with many of the deleted scenes edited back in; additionally, the set includes the existing special features disc, Radcliffe's, Grint's, and Watson's first screen tests, a feature-length special Creating the World of Harry Potter Part 1: The Magic Begins, and a 48-page hardcover booklet.[80] The extended version has a running time of about 159 minutes, which has previously been shown during certain television airings.[81] Between May and June 2002, the film sold 10 million copies, almost 60% of which were DVD sales.[82]

The film had its world premiere at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on 4 November 2001, with the cinema arranged to resemble Hogwarts School.[83] The film was greatly received at the box office. In the United States, it made $32.3 million on its opening day, breaking the single-day record previously held by Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. On the second day of release, the film's gross increased to $33.5 million, breaking the record for biggest single day again. In total, it made $90.3 million during its first weekend, breaking the record for highest-opening weekend of all time that was previously held by The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[84] It held the record until the following May when Spider-Man made $114.8 million in its opening weekend.[85] The film held onto the No. 1 spot at the box-office for three consecutive weekends.[86][87] The film also had the highest-grossing 5-day (Wednesday-Sunday) Thanksgiving weekend record of $82.4 million, holding the title for twelve years until both The Hunger Games: Catching Fire and Frozen surpassed it with $110.1 million and $94 million respectively.[88] Similar results were achieved across the world. In the United Kingdom, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone broke the record for the highest-opening weekend ever, both including and excluding previews, making £16.3 million with and £9.8 million without previews.[89] The film went on to make £66.1 million in the UK alone, making it the country's second highest-grossing film of all-time (after Titanic), until it was surpassed by Mamma Mia!.[90]

In total, the film earned $974.8 million at the worldwide box office, $317.6 million of that in the US and $657.2 million elsewhere,[5] which made it the second highest-grossing film in history at the time,[91] as well as the year's highest-grossing film.[92] As of 2020, it is the unadjusted 47th highest-grossing film of all-time,[93] and the second highest-grossing Harry Potter film to date after Deathly Hallows – Part 2.[94] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 55.9 million tickets in the US.[95]

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 81% based on 198 reviews, with an average rating of 7.06/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone adapts its source material faithfully while condensing the novel's overstuffed narrative into an involving – and often downright exciting – big-screen magical caper."[96] On Metacritic the film has a score of 64 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[97] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[98]

Roger Ebert called Philosopher's Stone "a classic," giving the film four out of four stars, and particularly praising the Quidditch scenes' visual effects.[99] Praise was echoed by both The Telegraph and Empire reviewers, with Alan Morrison of the latter naming it the film's "stand-out sequence".[100][101] Brian Linder of IGN also gave the film a positive review, but concluded that it "isn't perfect, but for me it's a nice supplement to a book series that I love".[102] Although criticising the final half-hour, Jeanne Aufmuth of Palo Alto Online stated that the film would "enchant even the most cynical of moviegoers."[103] USA Today reviewer Claudia Puig gave the film three out of four stars, especially praising the set design and Robbie Coltrane's portrayal of Hagrid, but criticised John Williams' score and concluded "ultimately many of the book's readers may wish for a more magical incarnation."[104] The sets, design, cinematography, effects and principal cast were all given praise from Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter, although he deemed John Williams' score "a great clanging, banging music box that simply will not shut up."[105] Todd McCarthy of Variety compared the film positively with Gone with the Wind and put "The script is faithful, the actors are just right, the sets, costumes, makeup and effects match and sometimes exceed anything one could imagine."[106] Jonathan Foreman of the New York Post recalled that the film was "remarkably faithful," to its literary counterpart as well as a "consistently entertaining if overlong adaptation."[107]

Richard Corliss of Time magazine, considered the film a "by the numbers adaptation," criticising the pace and the "charisma-free" lead actors.[108] CNN's Paul Tatara found that Columbus and Kloves "are so careful to avoid offending anyone by excising a passage from the book, the so-called narrative is more like a jamboree inside Rowling's head."[109] Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine wished that the film had been directed by Tim Burton, finding the cinematography "bland and muggy," and the majority of the film a "solidly dull celebration of dribbling goo."[110] Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times was highly negative about the film, saying "[the film] is like a theme park that's a few years past its prime; the rides clatter and groan with metal fatigue every time they take a curve." He also said it suffered from "a lack of imagination" and wooden characters, adding, "The Sorting Hat has more personality than anything else in the movie."[111]

The film received three Academy Award nominations: Best Art Direction, Best Costume Design, and Best Original Score for John Williams.[112] The film was also nominated for seven BAFTA Awards. These were Best British Film, Best Supporting Actor for Robbie Coltrane, as well as the awards for Best Costume Design, Production Design, Makeup and Hair, Sound and Visual Effects.[113] The film won a Saturn Award for its costumes, and was nominated for eight more awards.[114] It won other awards from the Casting Society of America and the Costume Designers Guild.[115][116] It was nominated for the AFI Film Award for its special effects,[117] and the Art Directors Guild Award for its production design.[118] It received the Broadcast Film Critics Award for Best Live Action Family Film and was nominated for Best Child Performance (for Daniel Radcliffe) and Best Composer (John Williams).[119] In 2005, the American Film Institute nominated the film for AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores.[120]