Florence Griffith Joyner

Florence Delorez Griffith Joyner[4] (born Florence Delorez Griffith;[1] December 21, 1959 – September 21, 1998), also known as Flo-Jo, was an American track and field athlete.

Florence Griffith-Joyner
Griffith Joyner in 1988
Personal information
Birth nameFlorence Delorez Griffith[1]
Nickname(s)Flo-Jo
National teamUnited States
Born(1959-12-21)December 21, 1959
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
DiedSeptember 21, 1998(1998-09-21) (aged 38)
Mission Viejo, California, U.S.
Height170 cm (5 ft 7 in)
Weight58 kg (128 lb)
Sport
Event(s)100 meters, 200 meters
ClubTiger World Class Athletic Club
West Coast Athletic Club
Retired1988
Achievements and titles
Personal best(s)100 m: 10.49w WR[note 1]
200 m: 21.34 WR
400m: 50.89
4 × 100m: 41.55
4 × 400m: 3:15.51 AR
Medal record
Representing the  United States
Olympic Games
1988 Seoul 100 m
1988 Seoul 200 m
1988 Seoul 4×100 m
1984 Los Angeles 200 m
1988 Seoul 4×400 m
World Championships
1987 Rome4×100 m
1987 Rome200 m

She is considered the fastest woman of all time[5][6][7] based on the fact that the world records she set in 1988 for both the 100 m and 200 m still stand, however with strong suspicions of doping, reinforced by her sudden death at 38.

During the late 1980s she became a popular figure in international track and field because of her record-setting performances and flashy personal style.

Griffith-Joyner was born and raised in California. She was athletic from a young age and began running track meets as a child. While attending California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), she continued to compete in track and field. While still in college, Griffith-Joyner qualified for the 100 m 1980 Olympics, although she did not actually compete due to the U.S. boycott. She made her Olympic debut four years later, winning a silver medal in the 200 meter distance at the 1984 Olympics held in Los Angeles. At the 1988 U.S. Olympic trials, Griffith set a new world record in the 100 meter sprint. She went on to win three gold medals at the 1988 Olympics.

In February 1989, she abruptly retired. After her retirement from athletics, Griffith-Joyner remained a pop culture figure through endorsement deals, acting, and designing. She died in her sleep as the result of an epileptic seizure in 1998 at the age of 38.

Early life

Griffith was born in Los Angeles, California, seventh of eleven children born to Robert, an electronic engineer and Florence Griffith, a seamstress.[1][8] The family lived in Littlerock, California before Florence Griffith moved with her children to the Jordan Downs public housing complex located in the Watts section of Los Angeles.[9][10]

When Griffith was in elementary school, she joined the Sugar Ray Robinson Organization, running in track meets on weekends.[10] She won the Jesse Owens National Youth Games two years in a row, at the ages of 14 and 15.[11] Griffith ran track at Jordan High School in Los Angeles.[10]

Showing an early interest in fashion, Griffith persuaded the members of the track team to wear tights with their uniforms.[11] As a high school senior in 1978, she finished sixth at the CIF California State Meet behind future teammates Alice Brown and Pam Marshall.[12] Nevertheless, by the time Griffith graduated from Jordan High School in 1978, she set high school records in sprinting and long jump.[13]

Career

Griffith attended the California State University at Northridge, and was on the track team coached by Bob Kersee.[14][15] This team, which included Brown and Jeanette Bolden,[15][16][17] won the national championship during Griffith's first year of college.[13] However, Griffith had to drop out to support her family, taking a job as a bank teller. Kersee found financial aid for Griffith and she returned to college in 1980, this time at University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) where Kersee was working as a coach.[10][15][18]

Brown, Bolden, and Griffith qualified for the 100-meter final at the trials for the 1980 Summer Olympics (with Brown winning and Griffith finishing last in the final). Griffith also ran the 200 meters, narrowly finishing fourth, a foot out of a qualifying position.[11] However, the U.S. Government had already decided to boycott those Olympic Games mooting those results.[19] In 1983, Griffith graduated from UCLA with her bachelor's degree in psychology.[13]

Olympic runner

Griffith finished fourth in the 200-meter sprint at the first World Championship in Athletics in 1983.[20] The following year, Griffith qualified for the Olympics in the 200-meter distance with the second fastest time at the United States Olympic Trials, held in Los Angeles.[21] Evelyn Ashford, another UCLA alumnus and early favorite to medal,[22] dropped out of the 200-meter due to injury.[21] Griffith went on to win a silver medal in the 1984 Summer Olympics.[13]

After the 1984 Olympic Games, she spent less time running.[23] Griffith continued to run part-time,[23] winning the 100-meter IAAF Grand Prix Final with the time of 11.00 seconds.[24] She did not compete at the 1985 U.S. National Championship.[25] That same year, she returned to working at a bank and styled hair and nails in her spare time.[13] She married Al Joyner, the Olympic triple jump champion of 1984, in 1987.[26]

She returned to athletics in April 1987.[27] Four months later at the 1987 World Championships in Rome, Griffith-Joyner finished second in the 200 meter sprint.[28][27] Her success during the 1987 season resulted in being ranked second in Track and Field News' 1987 world rankings.[28] The 200-meter remained a stronger event for Griffith-Joyner than the 100-meter, where she was ranked seventh in the United States.[28]

Before the 1988 U.S. Olympic Trials, Griffith-Joyner continued to work with her coach, and now brother in law, Kersee two days a week, but with her new husband coaching her three days a week.[29] She ran the 100 meter in 10.96-second at the 1987 Cologne Grand Prix Track and Field Meet, a personal best but the mark was not even in the top 40 of all time.[30][31] She continued to improve, again setting a personal best in the 100 meters in San Diego on June 25, 1988, but still remained shy of then American record holder Evelyn Ashford's three best times.[32] A week before the trials she ran a tune-up race in 10.99 in Santa Monica.[33]

In the first race of the quarterfinals of the U.S. Olympic Trials, she stunned her colleagues when she sprinted 100 meters in 10.49 seconds, a new world record.[lower-alpha 1] [11] Since 1997 the International Athletics Annual of the Association of Track and Field Statisticians has listed this performance as "probably strongly wind assisted, but recognized as a world record".[34][lower-alpha 2] Over the two day trials, Griffith-Joyner recorded the three fastest times for a woman at 100 meters: 10.49 in the quarter-final, 10.70 in the semi-final, and 10.61 in the finals.[36][27] At the same Olympic trials Griffith-Joyner also set an American record at the 200-meter distance with a time of 21.77 seconds.[37]

Following the Olympic trials, in late July 1988, Griffith-Joyner left coach Kersee saying she wanted a coach able to provide more personal attention. Another contributing factor was Griffith-Joyner's unhappiness with the lack of sponsorship and endorsement opportunities.[38] In addition to serving as coach, Kersee was Griffith-Joyner's manager, as he required all the athletes he coached to use his management services too.[38] Griffith-Joyner's decision to sign with personal manager Gordon Baskin therefore necessitated the coaching change.[38][39] Griffith Joyner left UCLA for UC Irvine with her husband serving as full-time coach.[29]

By now known to the world as "Flo-Jo", Griffith-Joyner was the big favorite for the titles in the sprint events at the 1988 Summer Olympics. In the 100-meter final, she ran a 10.54, beating her nearest rival, Evelyn Ashford, by 0.30 seconds. In the 200 meter semifinal, she set the world record of 21.56 seconds and then broke this record, winning the final by 0.22 seconds with a time of 21.34 seconds.[40] At the same Olympics, Griffith-Joyner also ran with the 4 × 100 m relay and the 4 × 400 m relay teams. Her team won the 4 × 100 m relay and finished second in the 4 × 400 m relay.[23] This was Griffith-Joyner's first internationally rated 4 × 400 m relay. Griffith-Joyner left the games having won four Olympic medals, three gold and one silver.[41] At the time, her medal haul was the second most for female track and field athlete in history, behind only Fanny Blankers-Koen who won four gold medals in 1948.[41]

In February 1989, Griffith-Joyner announced her retirement from racing.[39][42] Griffith-Joyner cited her new business opportunities outside of sprinting.[13][42][43] The month after announcing her retirement, Griffith-Joyner was selected as the winner of the James E. Sullivan Award of 1988 as the top amateur athlete in the United States.[44]

Comeback attempt and other activities

Griffith-Joyner's success at the 1988 Olympics led to new opportunities.[39][43] In the weeks following the Olympics, Griffith-Joyner earned millions of dollars from endorsement deals, primarily in Japan. Griffith-Joyner also signed a deal with toy maker LJN Toys for a Barbie-like doll in her likeness.[39]

Among the things she did away from the track was to design the basketball uniforms for the Indiana Pacers NBA team in 1989.[13] She served as co-chair of President's Council on Physical Fitness.[23] She made a guest appearance as herself on a season 4 episode of 227. Griffith-Joyner appeared in the soap opera Santa Barbara in 1992, as "Terry Holloway", a photographer similar to Annie Leibovitz.[45][46]

In 1996, Griffith-Joyner appeared on Charlie Rose and announced her comeback to competitive athletics, concentrating on the 400-meter run.[47] Her reason was that she had already set world marks in both the 100 m and 200 m events, with the 400 m world record being her goal. Griffith-Joyner trained steadily leading up to the U.S. Olympic trials in June. However, tendinitis in her right leg ended her hopes of becoming a triple-world-record holder. Al Joyner also attempted a comeback, but he was unable to compete due to an injured quadriceps muscle.[48]

Style

Beyond her running prowess, Griffith-Joyner was known for her bold fashion choices.[36][49] Griffith-Joyner appeared at the World Championships in 1987 in Rome wearing a hooded speed skating body suit.[49][26] In April 1988, she started wearing a running suit with the right leg of the suit extending to the ankle and the left leg of the suit cut off, a style she called the "one-legger".[36][49][26] The running suits also had bold colors such as lime green or purple with white bikini bottoms and embellished with lightning bolts.[36]

Her nails also garnered attention for their length and designs.[36][26] Her nails were four inches long with tiger stripes at the 1988 Olympic trials before switching to fuchsia.[36] For the Olympic games themselves, Griffith-Joyner had six inch nails painted red, white, blue, and gold.[26] Although many sprinters avoided accessories which might slow them down, Griffith-Joyner kept her hair long and wore jewelry while competing.[49] She designed many of her outfits herself and preferred looks which were not conventional.[49]

Allegations of performance-enhancing drug use
Florence Griffith Joyner is rarely mentioned without an invisible asterisk next to her name when the women's 100 and 200 meters comes around in Olympic year. Current runners bemoan the unreachable bench mark she set. Double Olympic 200 meter gold medalist Veronica Campbell Brown got nowhere near it, saying it was beyond her reach. Former 200 meter Olympic champion Gwen Torrence said that she "did not acknowledge those records ... To me they don't exist and women sprinters are suffering as a result of what she did to the times in the 100 and 200."

—James Montague, CNN, August 2012.[50]

After her record shattering performances at the 1988 U.S. Olympic Trials she became an object of suspicion when she arrived at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul.[50] Athletes, including Joaquim Cruz and Ben Johnson, expressed disbelief over Griffith-Joyner's dramatic improvement over a short period of time.[51] Before the 1988 track and field season, Griffith-Joyner's best time in the 100-meter sprint was 10.96 seconds (set in 1987). In 1988, she improved that by 0.47 seconds.[52] Her best before 1988 at 200-meters was 21.96 seconds (also set in 1987). In 1988, she improved that by 0.62 seconds to 21.34 seconds, another time that has not been approached. Griffith-Joyner attributed the change in her physique to new health programs.[53] Al Joyner replaced Bob Kersee as her coach, and he changed her training program to include more lower body strength training exercises such as squats and lunges.[54]

In a 1989 story for which he was purportedly paid $25,000,[55] Darrell Robinson, a former teammate of Griffith-Joyner, claimed that he sold her 10 c.c. of HGH for $2,000 in 1988. He said Joyner told him: "if you want to make $1 million, you've got to invest some thousands."[53] Robinson also claimed to receive steroids from coach Bob Kersee, and said he saw Carl Lewis inject himself with drugs he believed to be testosterone.[56] Robinson never provided any evidence for his allegations and was shunned by the athletics community, leading to the premature end of his career.[57] After the 1988 Olympics, Griffith-Joyner retired from competitive track and field, just prior to the introduction of mandatory random drug testing in 1989.[50][58] She was repeatedly tested during competition, and she passed all of these drug tests.[59][60]

In a 1998 interview, controversial sports physician Robert Kerr revealed that he had treated Flo-Jo for an ankle injury not long before her historical performances in Seoul. Kerr gained fame in the early 1980s after claiming he had prescribed anabolic agents to more than 4,000 athletes, 19 of whom won medals at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics.[61] It is worthy to note that Kerr refrained from revealing the identities of his patients, and only spoke of those who had testified to a direct association with him. Thus, it is unknown whether he prescribed Flo-Jo anabolic steroids or human growth hormone. Kerr said in the interview, "from the combination of her physical appearance and her increased performance... I believe she was on drugs."[62]

After her death in 1998, Prince Alexandre de Merode, the Chairman of the International Olympic Committee's medical commission, claimed that Griffith-Joyner was singled out for extra, rigorous drug testing during the 1988 Olympic Games because of rumors of steroid use. De Merode told The New York Times that Manfred Donike, who was at that time considered to be the foremost expert on drugs and sports, failed to discover any banned substances during that testing.[63] On Flo-Jo, De Merode later said:

We performed all possible and imaginable analyses on her. We never found anything. There should not be the slightest suspicion.[64]

De Merode was not without controversy himself, having failed to pursue charges on as many as nine positive tests from the 1984 Olympics.[65]

Personal life

Griffith's nickname among family was "Dee Dee".[8][10] She was briefly engaged to hurdler Greg Foster.[8] In 1987, Griffith married 1984 Olympic triple jump champion Al Joyner, whom Griffith had first met at the 1980 Olympic Trials.[11][66] Through her marriage to Joyner she was sister-in-law to track and field athlete Jackie Joyner-Kersee.[66] Griffith Joyner and Joyner had one daughter together, Mary Ruth Joyner, born November 15, 1990.[13][31]

Death

On September 21, 1998, Griffith-Joyner died in her sleep at home in the Canyon Crest neighborhood of Mission Viejo, California, at the age of 38. The unexpected death was investigated by the Orange County Sheriff-Coroner's office, which announced on September 22 that the cause of death was suffocation during a severe epileptic seizure.[58]

She was also found to have had a cavernous hemangioma, a congenital vascular brain abnormality that made Joyner subject to seizures.[67] According to a family attorney, she had suffered a tonic-clonic seizure in 1990, and had also been treated for seizures in 1993 and 1994. According to the Sheriff-Coroner's office, the only drugs in her system when she died were small amounts of two common over-the-counter drugs, acetaminophen (Tylenol) and the antihistamine Benadryl.[68]

Legacy

USA Track & Field inducted her into its Hall of Fame in 1995.[69] In 2000, the 102nd Street School in Los Angeles was renamed Florence Griffith Joyner Elementary School. Griffith-Joyner had attended the school as a child.[9] The city of Mission Viejo dedicated a park at the entrance to her neighborhood in her honor.[70][71] Griffith-Joyner was also an artist and painter. Her work has been on display as part the Art of The Olympians (AOTO). She is one of two posthumous members of AOTO, the other being the founder and Olympian, Al Oerter.[72]

Statistics

Olympic Games and trials results
Race Venue Date Round Time Wind WR
100 m Indianapolis July 16, 1988 Qualifying heat 10.60w +3.2
100 m Indianapolis July 16, 1988 Quarter-final 10.49 0.0 WR
100 m Indianapolis July 17, 1988 Semi-final 10.70 +1.6
100 m Indianapolis July 17, 1988 Final 10.61 +1.2
100 m Seoul September 24, 1988 Qualifying heat 10.88 +1.0
100 m Seoul September 24, 1988 Quarter-final 10.62 +1.0
100 m Seoul September 25, 1988 Semi-final 10.70w +2.6
100 m Seoul September 25, 1988 Final 10.54w +3.0
200 m Indianapolis July 22, 1988 Qualifying heat 21.96 +0.6
200 m Indianapolis July 22, 1988 Quarter-final 21.77 −0.1
200 m Indianapolis July 23, 1988 Semi-final 21.90w +2.4
200 m Indianapolis July 23, 1988 Final 21.85 +1.3
200 m Seoul September 28, 1988 Qualifying heat 22.51 ?
200 m Seoul September 28, 1988 Quarter-final 21.76 +0.7
200 m Seoul September 29, 1988 Semi-final 21.56 +1.7 WR
200 m Seoul September 29, 1988 Final 21.34 +1.3 WR
100 m relay ( 4 × 100 m relay ) Seoul October 1, 1988 Semi-Final (team time 42.12)
100 m relay ( 4 × 100 m relay ) Seoul October 1, 1988 Final (team time 41.98)
400 m relay split ( 4 × 400 m relay ) Seoul October 1, 1988 Final 48.08
(team time 3:15.51)

International competitions
This sports-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
YearCompetitionVenuePositionEventTimeNotes
1983 World Championships Helsinki 4th 200 m 22.46 wind +1.5


Season's bests
Year 100 metres 200 metres 400 metres
1982—22.39—
198311.0622.2350.94
198410.9922.04—
198511.0022.5050.89
198611.4223.51—
198710.9621.96—
198810.4921.3452.50

See also
  • History of African Americans in Los Angeles

Notes
  1. It is widely believed that the anemometer was faulty for the race in which Florence Griffith Joyner set the official world record for the women's 100 m of 10.49 s.[2] A 1995 report commissioned by the IAAF estimated the true wind speed was between +5.0 m/s and +7.0 m/s, rather than the 0.0 recorded.[2] If this time, recorded in the quarter-final of the 1988 U.S. Olympic trials, were excluded, the world record would be 10.61 s, recorded the next day at the same venue by the same athlete in the final.[2][3]
  1. Evelyn Ashford held the previous record at the 100-meter distance with a time of 10.76 seconds.
  2. Griffith Joyner's next fastest wind-legal time at 100 meters is 10.61 seconds, which would also stand as the world record.[35]

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Records
Preceded by
Evelyn Ashford		 Women's 100 m world record holder
July 16, 1988 – present		 Incumbent
Preceded by
Marita Koch		 Women's 200 m world record holder
September 29, 1988 – present		 Incumbent
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Steffi Graf		 United Press International
Athlete of the Year
1988		 Succeeded by
Steffi Graf
Preceded by
Jackie Joyner-Kersee		 Women's Track & Field Athlete of the Year
1988		 Succeeded by
Ana Fidelia Quirot
Preceded by
Ben Johnson		 L'Équipe Champion of Champions
1988		 Succeeded by
Greg LeMond
Sporting positions
Preceded by
Silke Möller		 Women's 200 m best year performance
1988		 Succeeded by
Dawn Sowell
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