Downhill (ski competition)

The rules for downhill skiing competitions were originally developed by Sir Arnold Lunn for the 1921 British National Ski Championships. A speed of 100 miles per hour (161 km/h) was first achieved by Johan Clarey at the 2013 Lauberhorn World Cup,[5] beating the previous record of 98 mph (158 km/h), set by Italian Stefan Thanei in 2005.[6][7]

The FIS has rules for downhill courses that encompass their general characteristics, width, safety precautions, vertical drop, course length, style and placement of gates.[1]

• General characteristics – As a test of "technique, courage, speed, risk, physical condition and judgement", the course requires the athlete to adapt to the technically demanding terrain and layout of gates.
• Width – Courses are typically 30 metres (100 ft) wide with allowances for the approaches to "lips, drop-offs and jumps".
• Safety – Obstacles on courses are expected to be protected with nets, fences, or pads.
• Vertical drop – Vertical drop ranges from 450 to 1,100 metres (1,480 to 3,610 ft) for men and 450 to 800 metres (1,480 to 2,620 ft) for women. Races with two runs may be shorter.
• Course length – Courses require an accurate means of measurement for length.
• Gates – Gates consist of pairs of twin poles with a rectangular panel between the poles. Gates have an 8-metre (26 ft) or larger opening.

Austrian Downhill racing suit

Equipment for the downhill is different from the alpine events that are lower-speed. Skis are 30% longer than those used in slalom, for more stability at high speed. They usually have rounded, low-profile tips rather than pointed tips. Ski poles are bent so as to curve around the body as the racer stays in a "tuck position" and may have aerodynamic, cone-shaped baskets. As in other alpine disciplines, downhill racers wear skin-tight suits to minimize drag, and helmets are mandatory.

In an attempt to increase safety, the 2003–2004 season saw the FIS increase the minimum sidecut radius for downhill skis to 45 metres (148 ft) from 40 metres (131 ft), and impose minimum ski lengths for the first time: 218 cm (7 ft 2 in) for men, and 210 cm (6 ft 11 in) for women.

In all forms of downhill, both at a local youth-level as well as the higher FIS international level, racers are allowed extensive preparation for the race, which includes daily course inspection and discussion with their coaches and teammates as well as several practice runs before the actual race. Racers do not make any unnecessary turns while on the course, and try to do everything they can to maintain the most aerodynamic position while negotiating turns and jumps.

Unlike slalom and giant slalom, where racers have the times of two runs combined, the downhill race is a single run. Times are typically between 1½ and 2½ minutes for World Cup courses and must be over 1 minute in duration to meet international minimum standards. Tenths and hundredths and, occasionally, thousandths of seconds count: World Cup races and Olympic medals have sometimes been decided by as little as one or two hundredths of a second, and ties are not unheard of.

The most successful all-time winners of World Cup downhill races are Annemarie Moser-Pröll of Austria (36 wins, 7 women's titles)[8] and Franz Klammer of Austria (25 wins, 5 men's titles).[9] Lindsey Vonn of the U.S. is currently dominant in woman's downhill racing with a lifetime total of 37 World Cup downhill wins and 7 women's titles.[10][11]

On some courses, such as the Lauberhorn course in Wengen, Switzerland, and the Hahnenkamm course in Kitzbühel, Austria, speeds of up to 150 km/h (93 mph) are common. Safety netting and padding are placed where race officials anticipate potential crashes. Despite these safety precautions, the ski racing community is well aware of the inherent risks of downhill skiing, for it is possible for racers to suffer serious injury or death while practising or competing. Three deaths among World Cup racers in recent years in downhill training or during a race were those of Austrians Gernot Reinstadler (1991) and Ulrike Maier (1994), and France's Régine Cavagnoud (2001). Also in 2001, Swiss downhiller Silvano Beltrametti was paralyzed in a high-speed crash and 1984 Olympic gold medalist Bill Johnson suffered permanent brain damage that eventually led to a crippling stroke which left him unable to function without assistance. Most recently Frenchman David Poisson was killed in a training crash in 2017. Speaking to media after Poisson's death, French former downhiller Luc Alphand noted that "eliminating risk entirely in downhill is impossible".[12]

In the following table men's downhill World Cup podium results in the World Cup since the first season in 1967.[7] Winners receive a distinctive crystal globe.[13]

Season	1st	2nd	3rd
1967	Jean-Claude Killy	Guy Périllat	Franz Vogler
1968	Gerhard Nenning	Jean-Claude Killy	Karl Schranz
1969	Karl Schranz	Henri Duvillard	Heinrich Messner
1970	Karl Cordin	Karl Schranz	Henri Duvillard
1971	Bernhard Russi	Bernard Orcel	Karl Cordin
1972	Bernhard Russi	Karl Schranz	Mike Lafferty
1973	Roland Collombin	Bernhard Russi	Marcello Varallo
1974	Roland Collombin	Franz Klammer	Herbert Plank
1975	Franz Klammer	Werner Grissmann	Herbert Plank
1976	Franz Klammer	Herbert Plank	Bernhard Russi
1977	Franz Klammer	Josef Walcher	Bernhard Russi
1978	Franz Klammer	Josef Walcher	Herbert Plank
1979	Peter Mueller	Peter Wirnsberger	Toni Buergler
1980	Peter Mueller	Ken Read	Herbert Plank
1981	Harti Weirather	Steve Podborski	Peter Mueller
1982	Peter Mueller	Steve Podborski	Harti Weirather
1983	Franz Klammer	Conradin Cathomen	Harti Weirather
1984	Urs Raeber	Erwin Resch	Bill Johnson
1985	Helmut Hoeflehner	Peter Mueller	Karl Alpiger
1986	Peter Wirnsberger	Peter Mueller	Michael Mair
1987	Pirmin Zurbriggen	Peter Mueller	Franz Heinzer
1988	Pirmin Zurbriggen	Michael Mair	Rob Boyd
1989	Marc Girardelli	Helmut Hoeflehner	Daniel Mahrer
1990	Helmut Hoeflehner	Atle Skardal	Pirmin Zurbriggen
1991	Franz Heinzer	Atle Skardal	Daniel Mahrer
1992	Franz Heinzer	Daniel Mahrer	A.J. Kitt
1993	Franz Heinzer	Atle Skardal	William Besse
1994	Marc Girardelli	Hannes Trinkl	Patrick Ortlieb
1995	Luc Alphand	Kristian Ghedina	Patrick Ortlieb
1996	Luc Alphand	Guenther Mader	Patrick Ortlieb
1997	Luc Alphand	Kristian Ghedina	Fritz Strobl
1998	Andreas Schifferer	Hermann Maier	Nicolas Burtin
1999	Lasse Kjus	Andreas Schifferer	Werner Franz
2000	Hermann Maier	Kristian Ghedina	Josef Strobl
2001	Hermann Maier	Stephan Eberharter	Fritz Strobl
2002	Stephan Eberharter	Fritz Strobl	Kristian Ghedina
2003	Stephan Eberharter	Daron Rahlves	Michael Walchhofer
2004	Stephan Eberharter	Daron Rahlves	Hermann Maier
2005	Michael Walchhofer	Bode Miller	Hermann Maier
2006	Michael Walchhofer	Fritz Strobl	Daron Rahlves
2007	Didier Cuche	Marco Buechel	Erik Guay
2008	Didier Cuche	Bode Miller	Michael Walchhofer
2009	Michael Walchhofer	Klaus Kroell	Didier Defago
2010	Didier Cuche	Carlo Janka	Werner Heel
2011	Didier Cuche	Michael Walchhofer	Klaus Kroell
2012	Klaus Kroell	Beat Feuz	Didier Cuche
2013	Aksel Lund Svindal	Klaus Kroell	Dominik Paris
2014	Aksel Lund Svindal	Hannes Reichelt	Erik Guay
2015	Kjetil Jansrud	Hannes Reichelt	Guillermo Fayed
2016	Peter Fill	Aksel Lund Svindal	Dominik Paris
2017	Peter Fill	Kjetil Jansrud	Dominik Paris

• List of men's World Cup Downhill title winners
• List of women's World Cup Downhill title winners
• List of Olympic medalists in men's Downhill
• List of Olympic medalists in women's Downhill
• List of Paralympic medalists in men's Downhill
• List of Paralympic medalists in women's Downhill
• List of World Champions in Downhill
• List of men's downhill races in the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup