Colubridae

Colubridae (/kəˈluːbrɪdiː/, commonly known as colubrids /ˈkɒljʊbrɪdz/, from Latin coluber, snake) is a family of snakes. With 249 genera,[1] it is the largest snake family. The earliest species of the family date back to the Oligocene epoch. Colubrid snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica.[2]

Colubridae
Temporal range: Oligocene to Recent
Caspian whipsnake, Coluber caspius
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Superfamily: Colubroidea
Family: Colubridae
Oppel, 1811

Description

While most colubrids are not venomous (or have venom that is not known to be harmful to humans) and are mostly harmless, a few groups, such as genus Boiga, can produce medically significant bites, while the boomslang, the twig snakes, and the Asian genus Rhabdophis have caused human fatalities.[2][3][4]

Some Colubridae snakes are venomous but not all are deadly. More research needs to be done on this according to Scott Weinstein, author of "Venomous bites from Non-Venomous snakes". Some colubrids are described as opisthoglyphous, meaning they have elongated, grooved teeth located in the back of their upper jaws, often called "rear-fanged". Opisthoglyphous dentition likely evolved many times in the history of snakes[3] and is an evolutionary precursor to the fangs of vipers and elapids, which are located in the front of the mouth.[5][6][7][2][3]

Classification

In the past, the Colubridae were not a natural group, as many were more closely related to other groups, such as elapids, than to each other.[8] This family was historically used as a "wastebasket taxon"[9] for snakes that do not fit elsewhere.[10] Until recently, colubrids were basically colubroids that were not elapids, viperids, or Atractaspis.[11]

However, recent research in molecular phylogenetics has stabilized the classification of historically "colubrid" snakes and the family as currently defined is a monophyletic clade,[12][13][14][15] although additional research will be necessary to sort out all the relationships within this group. As of May 2018 eight subfamilies are recognized.[16]

Current subfamilies

Sibynophiinae – 2 genera

  • Scaphiodontophis
  • Sibynophis

Natricinae – 37 genera (sometimes given as family Natricidae)

Indian Rat Snake (Grey and Yellow)
A natricine, Thamnophis sirtalis
  • Adelophis
  • Afronatrix
  • Amphiesma
  • Amphiesmoides
  • Anoplohydrus
  • Aspidura
  • Atretium
  • Clonophis
  • Fowlea
  • Haldea
  • Hebius
  • Helophis
  • Herpetoreas
  • Hydrablabes
  • Hydraethiops
  • Iguanognathus
  • Isanophis
  • Limnophis
  • Liodytes
  • Natriciteres
  • Natrix
  • Nerodia
  • Opisthotropis
  • Paratapinophis
  • Pseudagkistrodon
  • Regina
  • Rhabdophis
  • Rhabdops
  • Sinonatrix
  • Smithophis
  • Storeria
  • Thamnophis
  • Trachischium
  • Tropidoclonion
  • Tropidonophis
  • Virginia
  • Xenochrophis

Pseudoxenodontinae – 2 genera

  • Plagiopholis
  • Pseudoxenodon

Dipsadinae – 98 genera (sometimes given as family Dipsadidae)

A dipsadine, Sibon longifrenis
  • Adelphicos
  • Alsophis
  • Amastridium
  • Amnesteophis
  • Apostolepis
  • Arcanumophis
  • Arrhyton
  • Atractus
  • Boiruna
  • Borikenophis
  • Caaeteboia
  • Calamodontophis
  • Caraiba
  • Carphophis
  • Cenaspis
  • Cercophis
  • Chersodromus
  • Clelia
  • Coniophanes
  • Conophis
  • Contia
  • Coronelaps
  • Crisantophis
  • Cryophis
  • Cubophis
  • Diadophis
  • Diaphorolepis
  • Dipsas
  • Ditaxodon
  • Drepanoides
  • Echinanthera
  • Elapomorphus
  • Emmochliophis
  • Enuliophis
  • Enulius
  • Erythrolamprus
  • Eutrachelophis
  • Farancia
  • Geophis
  • Gomesophis
  • Haitiophis
  • Helicops
  • Heterodon
  • Hydrodynastes
  • Hydromorphus
  • Hydrops
  • Hypsiglena
  • Hypsirhynchus
  • Ialtris
  • Imantodes
  • Leptodeira
  • Lioheterophis
  • Lygophis
  • Magliophis
  • Manolepis
  • Mussurana
  • Ninia
  • Nothopsis
  • Omoadiphas
  • Oxyrhopus
  • Paraphimophis
  • Phalotris
  • Philodryas
  • Phimophis
  • Plesiodipsas
  • Pliocercus
  • Pseudalsophis
  • Pseudoboa
  • Pseudoeryx
  • Pseudoleptodeira
  • Pseudotomodon
  • Psomophis
  • Ptychophis
  • Rhachidelus
  • Rhadinaea
  • Rhadinella
  • Rhadinophanes
  • Rodriguesophis
  • Saphenophis
  • Sibon
  • Siphlophis
  • Sordellina
  • Synophis
  • Tachymenis
  • Taeniophallus
  • Tantalophis
  • Thamnodynastes
  • Thermophis
  • Tomodon
  • Tretanorhinus
  • Trimetopon
  • Tropidodipsas
  • Tropidodryas
  • Uromacer
  • Urotheca
  • Xenodon
  • Xenopholis

Grayiinae – 1 genus

  • Grayia

Calamariinae – 7 genera

  • Calamaria
  • Calamorhabdium
  • Collorhabdium
  • Etheridgeum
  • Macrocalamus
  • Pseudorabdion
  • Rabdion

Ahaetuliinae – 5 genera

  • Ahaetulla
  • Chrysopelea
  • Dendrelaphis
  • Dryophiops
  • Proahaetulla

Colubrinae – 92 genera

A colubrine, Dolichophis jugularis, preying on a legless lizard, a sheltopusik
  • Aeluroglena
  • Aprosdoketophis
  • Archelaphe
  • Argyrogena
  • Arizona
  • Bamanophis
  • Bogertophis
  • Boiga
  • Cemophora
  • Chapinophis
  • Chironius
  • Coelognathus
  • Coluber
  • Colubroelaps
  • Conopsis
  • Coronella
  • Crotaphopeltis
  • Dasypeltis
  • Dendrophidion
  • Dipsadoboa
  • Dispholidus
  • Dolichophis
  • Drymarchon
  • Drymobius
  • Drymoluber
  • Eirenis
  • Elaphe
  • Euprepiophis
  • Ficimia
  • Geagras
  • Gonyosoma
  • Gyalopion
  • Hapsidophrys
  • Hemerophis
  • Hemorrhois
  • Hierophis
  • Lampropeltis
  • Leptodrymus
  • Leptophis
  • Liopeltis
  • Lycodon
  • Lytorhynchus
  • Macroprotodon
  • Masticophis
  • Mastigodryas
  • Meizodon
  • Mopanveldophis
  • Muhtarophis
  • Oligodon
  • Oocatochus
  • Opheodrys
  • Oreocryptophis
  • Orientocoluber
  • Oxybelis
  • Palusophis
  • Pantherophis
  • Philothamnus
  • Phrynonax
  • Phyllorhynchus
  • Pituophis
  • Platyceps
  • Pseudelaphe
  • Pseudoficimia
  • Ptyas
  • Rhamnophis
  • Rhinobothryum
  • Rhinocheilus
  • Rhynchocalamus
  • Salvadora
  • Scaphiophis
  • Scolecophis
  • Senticolis
  • Simophis
  • Sonora
  • Spalerosophis
  • Spilotes
  • Stegonotus
  • Stenorrhina
  • Stichophanes
  • Symphimus
  • Sympholis
  • Tantilla
  • Tantillita
  • Telescopus
  • Thelotornis
  • Thrasops
  • Toxicodryas
  • Trimorphodon
  • Wallaceophis
  • Xenelaphis
  • Xyelodontophis
  • Zamenis

genera incertae sedis (not currently placed in a subfamily, usually because of the absence of genetic data, but suspected to be colubrids based on morphology)

  • Blythia
  • Elapoidis
  • Gongylosoma
  • Lycognathophis
  • Oreocalamus
  • †Paraxenophis
  • †Periergophis
  • Poecilopholis
  • Tetralepis

Former subfamilies

These taxa have been at one time or another classified as part of the Colubridae, but are now either classified as parts of other families, or are no longer accepted because all the species within them have been moved to other (sub)families.

  • Subfamily Aparallactinae (now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae,[14] sometimes combined with Atractaspidinae)
  • Subfamily Boiginae (now part of Colubrinae)
  • Subfamily Boodontinae (some of which now treated as subfamily Grayiinae of the new Colubridae, others moved to family Lamprophiidae as subfamilies Lamprophiinae and Pseudaspidinae)
  • Subfamily Dispholidinae (now part of Colubrinae)
  • Subfamily Homalopsinae (now family Homalopsidae[14])
  • Subfamily Lamprophiinae (now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae[14])
  • Subfamily Lycodontinae (now part of Colubrinae)
  • Subfamily Lycophidinae (now part of Lamprophiidae)
  • Subfamily Pareatinae (now family Pareidae,[14] sometimes incorrectly spelled Pareatidae[17])
  • Subfamily Philothamninae (now part of Colubrinae)
  • Subfamily Psammophiinae (now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae[14])
  • Subfamily Pseudoxyrhophiinae (now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae[14])
  • Subfamily Xenoderminae (now family Xenodermidae,[14] sometimes incorrectly spelled Xenodermatidae[17])
  • Subfamily Xenodontinae (which many authors put in Dipsadinae/Dipsadidae)

Fossil Colubridae

North America
Mexico
Locations of Colubridae fossil finds in Mexico
Cueva de Abra Travertine
Goleta Formation#
Las Tunas Wash; Jeffries Site
FindNALMAFormationNotesRefs
Colubrinae indet.PleistoceneCueva de Abra TravertineDescribed from Cueva de Abra Travertine in Tamaulipas by W. W. Dalquest and E. Roth. 1970. Late Pleistocene mammals from a cave in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 15(2):217-230[18]
?Pituophis sp.BlancanDescribed from Las Tunas Wash; Jeffries Site in Baja California Sur by W. E. Miller. 1980. The Late Pliocene Las Tunas Local Fauna from Southernmost Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 54(4):762-805[19]
Lampropeltis intermediusBlancanGoletaDescribed from locality in Michoacán by C. A. Repenning. 1962. The Giant Ground Squirrel Paenemarmota. Journal of Paleontology 36(3):540-556[20]

South America
Locations of Colubridae fossil finds in South America
Pleisto-Holocene ages
Pliocene ages
Miocene ages
Legend
  • Age - bold is type age (SALMA)
  • Formation - bold is Lagerstätte


FindSALMABasinFormationCountryNotesRefs
"Colubridae sp." sicLaventanVSMVillavieja ColombiaDescribed from same Los Mangos Fishbed in Huila; Colombophis portai and Eunectes stirtoni by R. Hoffstetter and J.-C. Rage. 1977. Le gisement de vertébrés Miocènes de La Venta (Colombie) et sa faune de serpents. Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés) 63(2):161-190[21]
indet.Chasicoan
Mayoan
Laventan		SolimõesSolimões BrazilDescribed from Talismã, upper Purus River locality in Amazonas; the snakes Colombophis spinosus, aff. Epicrates sp., Eunectes sp. , the turtle Chelonoidis sp., crocodylians Acresuchus pachytemporalis and Caiman brevirostris, lizard cf. Paradracaena sp., and many mammals by Cozzuol, Mario Alberto. 2006. The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 21. 185–203. Accessed 2017-08-15.[22]
Colubrinae indet.HoloceneSubandean BeltÑuapua BoliviaDescribed from Ñuapua 2 locality in Chuquisaca; snakes Tupinambis teguixin, Boidae indet., Crotalidae indet., turtles, frogs Leptodactylus cf. ocellatus, Bufo cf. paracnemis, birds Crypturellus tataupa, Podiceps minor, Podiceps auritus cornutus, Platalea ajaja, Rhea cf. americana, Anas sp., Coccyzus sp., Dendrocygna sp., Jacana sp., Nyctibius sp., Platalea sp., cf. Rhynchotus sp., Columbidae indet., Falconidae indet., Passeriformes indet., Rallidae indet., fossils of Tolypeutus matacus, Ceratrophrys cf. ornata, and Leposternon sp., and many mammals including Homo sapiens by Marshall, Larry G., and Thierry Sempere. 1991. The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review. Revista técnica de YPFB 12. 631–652. Accessed 2017-08-15.[23]
indet.ChapadmalalanSierras de CórdobaBrochero ArgentinaDescribed from Valle de Traslasierra - Paso del Río Arriba and Pedernara Cliffs locality in Córdoba; with Rhinella cf. arenarum, R. cf. spinulosa, Teius sp., ?Liolaemus sp., Iguanidae indet. and the mammals Chukimys favaloroi and Echimyidae indet. by L. E. Cruz, J. C. Fernicola, and C. A. Carignano. 2018. New Vertebrates of the Brochero Formation (Córdoba, Argentina): A Review of the Pliocene of Central Argentina. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 25:315-326[24]
indet.ChasicoanColoradoCerro Azul ArgentinaDescribed from Cerro La Bota locality in La Pampa; reported with many mammal fossils by Verzi, Diego H.; Claudia I. Montalvo, and Cecilia M. Deschamps. 2008. Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Late Miocene of central Argentina: Evidence from rodents and taphonomy. Geobios 41. 145–155. Accessed 2017-08-15.[25]
indet.MontehermosanClaromecóMonte Hermoso ArgentinaFrom several localities in Buenos Aires; reported by R. L. Tomassini, C. I. Montalvo, C.M. Deschamps and T. Manera. 2013. Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Monte Hermoso Formation (early Pliocene) at its type locality, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 48:31-42 and C. M. Deschamps, G. I. Esteban, and M. S. Bargo. 2001. El registro más antiguo del género Lestodon Gervais, 1855 (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Mylodontidae) (Montehermosense, Plioceno Temprano). Ameghiniana 38(2):151-156[26][27]
[28][29]
indet.ColhuehuapianGolfo San JorgeTrelew Mb of Sarmiento ArgentinaDescribed from same Gaiman locality in Chubut; Gaimanophis tenuis, Waincophis sp., the turtle Chelonoidis gringorum and many mammals by A. M. Albino. 1996. Snakes from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) Part I: The Booidea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 199(3):417-434[30]
indet.SantacrucianAustralRio Pinturas ArgentinaFrom Río Pinturas locality in Santa Cruz; reported by A. M. Albino. 1996. Snakes from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) Part II: The Colubroidea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 200(3):353-360[31]
indet.SantacrucianAustralSanta Cruz ArgentinaSole reptile described from Santa Cruz Formation locality in Santa Cruz together with the terror birds Psilopterus bachmanni, P. lemoinei, Phororhacos longissimus, Patagornis marshi, Brontornis burmeisteri, penguin Paraptenodytes antarcticus and other birds Eoneornis australis, Eutelornis patagonicus, Anisolornis excavatus, Protibis cnemialis, Opisthodactylus patagonicus, Liptornis hesternus, and many mammals by A. M. Albino. 1996. Snakes from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) Part II: The Colubroidea. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 200(3):353-360 & Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Richard F. Kay, and Susana Bargo. 2012. Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, 1–370. Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521194617. Accessed 2017-10-21.}}[32][33]

References
  1. "Colubrid". britannica.com. Britannica. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  2. Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 188–195. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
  3. Bruna Azara, C. (1995). "Animales venenosos. Vertebrados terrestres venenosos peligrosos para el ser humano en España" (PDF). Boletín de la S.E.A. 11: 32–40.
  4. Weinstein, S. A.; Warrell, D. A.; White, J.; Keyler, D. E. (2011). Venomous bites from non-venomous snakes: A critical analysis of risk and management of "colubrid" snake bites. London: Elsevier.
  5. Jackson, K (2003). "The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 137 (3): 337–354. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00052.x.
  6. Vonk, F. J.; Admiraal, J. F.; Jackson, K.; Reshef, R.; de Bakker, M. A.; Vanderschoot, K.; van den Berge, I.; van Atten, M.; Burgerhout, E.; Beck, A. (2008). "Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs" (PDF). Nature. 454 (7204): 630–633. doi:10.1038/nature07178. PMID 18668106.
  7. Fry, B. G.; Casewell, N. R.; Wüster, W.; Vidal, N.; Young, B.; Jackson, T. N. (2012). "The structural and functional diversification of the Toxicofera reptile venom system" (PDF). Toxicon. 60 (4): 434–448. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.013. PMID 22446061.
  8. Lawson, R.; Slowinski, J.B.; Crother, B.I.; Burbrink, F.T. (2005). "Phylogeny of the Colubroidea (Serpentes): New evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 581–601. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.016. PMID 16172004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  9. Scott A Weinstein; David A Warrell; Julian White; Daniel E Keyler (20 June 2011). "Venomous Bites from Non-Venomous Snakes: A Critical Analysis of Risk and Management of "Colubrid Snake Bites. Elsevier. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-12-387755-0.
  10. Fry, B.G.; Vidal, N.; van der Weerd, L.; Kochva, E.; Renjifo, C. (2009). "Evolution and diversification of the Toxicofera reptile venom system". Journal of Proteomics. 72 (2): 127–136. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2009.01.009. PMID 19457354.
  11. Pough, F. H.; Andrews, R. M.; Cadle, J. E.; Crump, M. L.; Savitzky, A. H.; Wells, K. (2004). Herpetology (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall. p. 162. ISBN 0138508763.
  12. Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F.; Wiens, J. J. (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMC 3682911. PMID 23627680.
  13. Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016). "A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. PMC 5014348. PMID 27603205.
  14. Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F. T.; Colli, G. R.; de Oca, A. N. M.; Vitt, L. J.; Kuczynski, C. A.; Wiens, J. J. (2011). "The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (2): 329–342. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006. PMID 21074626.
  15. Zheng, Y; Wiens, JJ (2016). "Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 94 (Pt B): 537–547. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009. PMID 26475614.
  16. Uetz, Peter. "Colubridae at The Reptile Database". The Reptile Database. EMBL. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  17. Savage, Jay M. (2015). "What are the correct family names for the taxa that include the snake genera Xenodermus, Pareas, and Calamaria?". Herpetological Review. 46 (4): 664–665. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  18. Fossilworks
  19. Fossilworks
  20. Fossilworks
  21. Fossilworks
  22. Fossilworks
  23. Fossilworks
  24. Fossilworks
  25. Fossilworks
  26. Fossilworks
  27. Fossilworks
  28. Fossilworks
  29. Fossilworks
  30. Fossilworks
  31. Fossilworks
  32. Fossilworks
  33. Fossilworks

Bibliography
  • Psammophids at Life is Short but Snakes are Long
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.