Arabic chat alphabet

The Arabic chat alphabet, Arabizi[1] (عربيزي, Arabīzī), Franco-Arabic (فرانكو آراب, franco-arabe, or عرنسية),[2] Arabish, Araby (Arabic: عربي‎, Arabī), and Mu'arrab (معرب), refer to the Romanized alphabets for informal Arabic dialects in which Arabic script is transcribed or encoded into a combination of Latin script and Arabic numerals. These informal chat alphabets were originally used primarily by youth in the Arab world in very informal settings—especially for communicating over the Internet or for sending messages via cellular phones—though use is not necessarily restricted by age anymore and these chat alphabets have been used in other media such as advertising.[3][4]

"Franco-Arabic" redirects here. For the music genre, see Arabic music § Franco-Arabic.

These chat alphabets differ from more formal and academic Arabic transliteration systems, in that they use numerals and multigraphs instead of diacritics for letters such as qāf (ق) or Ḍād (ض) that do not exist in the basic Latin script (ASCII), and in that what is being transcribed is an informal dialect and not Standard Arabic.[4] These Arabic chat alphabets also differ from each other, as each is influenced by the particular phonology of the Arabic dialect being transcribed and the orthography of the dominant European language in the area—typically the language of the former colonists, and typically either French or English.

Because of their widespread use, including in public advertisements by large multinational companies, large players in the online industry like Google and Microsoft have introduced tools that convert text written in Arabish to Arabic (Google Translate and Microsoft Translator). Add-ons for Mozilla Firefox and Chrome also exist (Panlatin[5] and ARABEASY Keyboard [6]). The Arabic chat alphabet is never used in formal settings and is rarely, if ever, used for long communications.[3]

History

During the last decades of the 20th century, Western text-based communication technologies, such as mobile phone text messaging, the World Wide Web, email, bulletin board systems, IRC, and instant messaging became increasingly prevalent in the Arab world. Most of these technologies originally permitted the use of the Latin script only, and some still lack support for displaying Arabic script. As a result, Arabic-speaking users frequently transliterate Arabic text into Latin script when using these technologies to communicate.[7]

To handle those Arabic letters that do not have an approximate phonetic equivalent in the Latin script, numerals and other characters were appropriated. For example, the numeral "3" is used to represent the Arabic letter ⟨ع⟩ (ʿayn)—note the choice of a visually similar character, with the numeral resembling a mirrored version of the Arabic letter. Many users of mobile phones and computers use Arabish even though their system is capable of displaying Arabic script. This may be due to a lack of an appropriate keyboard layout for Arabic, or because users are already more familiar with the QWERTY or AZERTY keyboard layout.

Online communication systems, such as IRC, bulletin board systems, and blogs, are often run on systems or over protocols that do not support code pages or alternate character sets. Thus, the Arabic chat alphabet has become commonplace. It can be seen even in domain names, like Qal3ah.

Comparison table

Because of the informal nature of this system, there is no single "correct" or "official" usage. There may be some overlap in the way various letters are transliterated.

Most of the characters in the system make use of the Latin character (as used in English and French) that best approximates phonetically the Arabic letter that one would otherwise use (for example, ب corresponds to b). Regional variations in the pronunciation of an Arabic letter can also produce some variation in its transliteration (e.g. ﺝ might be transliterated as j by a speaker of the Levantine dialect, or as g by a speaker of the Egyptian dialect).[8]

Those letters that do not have a close phonetic approximation in the Latin script are often expressed using numerals or other characters, so that the numeral graphically approximates the Arabic letter that one would otherwise use (e.g. ع is represented using the numeral 3 because the latter looks like a vertical reflection of the former).

Since many letters are distinguished from others solely by a dot above or below the main portion of the character, the transliterations of these letters frequently use the same letter or number with an apostrophe added before or after (e.g. '3 is used to represent غ).

Letters Arabic chat alphabet[8] IPA
ء أ ؤ إ ئ آ‎ 2 ʔ
ا‎ a e è [1] æ(ː) a(ː) ɑ(ː) ɛ(ː) ɐ
ب‎ b p b p
ت‎ t t t̪ t͡s
ث‎ s th s θ
ج‎ j dj g ʒ d͡ʒ ɟ ɟ͡ʝ ɡ
ح‎ 7 ħ ʜ
خ‎ kh 7' 5 x χ
د‎ d d d̪
ذ‎ z th dh z ð
ر‎ r ɾ r rˤ
ز‎ z z
س‎ s s
ش‎ sh ch [1] ʃ
ص‎ s 9 sˤ sˠ
ض‎ d dh 9' dˤ d̪ˤ d̪ˠ
ط‎ t 6 tˤ t̪ˤ t̪ˠ
ظ‎ z th dh 6' zˤ ðˤ ðˠ
ع‎ 3 ʕ ʢ
غ‎ gh 3' ɣ ʁ
ف‎ f v f v
ق‎ 2 g 8 9 q ʔ ɡ ɢ q
ك‎ k g k ɡ
ل‎ l l ɫ
م‎ m m
ن‎ n n
ه‎ h a e ah eh é [1] h, /a e/
ة‎ a e eh at et é [1] /a e at et/
و‎ w o ou oo u w o(ː) u(ː)
ي‎ ى‎ [2] y i ee ei ai a é [1] j i(ː) e(ː), /a/
Additional letters Arabic chat alphabet IPA
پ‎ p p
چ‎ [3] j tsh ch tch ʒ t͡ʃ
ڜ‎ [4] ch tch t͡ʃ
ڤ ڥ‎ [5] v v
ڨ گ ݣ‎ [5] g ɡ
^1 é, è, ch, and dj are most likely to be used in regions where French is the primary non-Arabic language. dj is especially used in Algerian Arabic.
^2 Mainly in the Nile Valley, the final form is always ى (without dots), representing both final /i/ and /a/. It is the more traditional way of spelling the letter for both cases.
^3 In Iraq, and sometimes in the Persian Gulf, this may be used to transcribe /t͡ʃ/. However, it is most often transcribed as if it were تش. In Egypt, it is instead used for transcribing /ʒ/ (which can be a reduction of /d͡ʒ/). In Israel, it is used to transcribe /ɡ/, as in "ﺭﻣﺎت ﭼﺎﻥ" (Ramat Gan) or "چيميل يافيت" (Gimel Yafit).
^4 Only used in Morocco to transliterate Spanish /t͡ʃ/.
^5 Depending on the region, different letters may be used for the same phoneme.

Examples

Each of the different varieties of Arabic chat alphabets is influenced by the particular phonology of the Arabic dialect being transcribed and the orthography of the dominant European language in the area—typically the language of the former colonists. Below are some examples of Arabic chat alphabet varieties.

Egyptian Arabic

The frequent use of y and w to represent ي and و demonstrates the influence of English orthography on the romanization of Egyptian Arabic. As was the case in other parts of the region, English became the primary European language in Egypt as a result of British colonialism in the first half of the 20th century.[9]

Additionally, the letter qāf (ق) is usually pronounced as a glottal stop, like a Hamza (ء) in Metropolitan (Cairene) Egyptian Arabic—unlike Standard Arabic in which it represents a voiceless uvular stop. Therefore, in Egyptian Arabizi, the numeral 2 can represent either a Hamza or a qāf pronounced as a glottal stop.

Egyptian Arabic

انا رايح الجامعه الساعه 3 العصر

الجو عامل ايه النهارده فى إسكندرية؟

Araby transcription ana raye7 el gam3a el sa3a 3 el 3asr.el gaw 3amel eh elnaharda f eskendereya?
IPA [ænæˈɾɑˑjeħ elˈɡæmʕæ (ʔe)sˈsæˑʕæ tæˈlæˑtæ lˈʕɑsˤɾ][elˈɡæwwe ˈʕæˑmel ˈe(ˑhe)nnɑˈhɑɾdɑ feskendeˈɾejjæ]
English I'm going to college at 3 pm.How is the weather today in Alexandria?

Levantine Arabic

Lebanese, Syrian, Jordanian, Palestinian

Levantine Arabic .كيف صحتك، شو عم تعمل
Araby transcription kif/keef se7tak, chou/shu 3am ti3mel?
ALA-LC kīf ṣaḥtak, shū ʻam tiʻmel?
IPA [kiːf ˈsˤɑħtak ʃuː ʕam ˈtɪʕmel]
English How is your health, what are you doing?

Moroccan Arabic

The use of ch to represent ش demonstrates the influence of French orthography on the romanization of Moroccan Arabic or Darija. French became the primary European language in Morocco as a result of French colonialism.[10]

Moroccan Arabic

كيفاش داير فالقراية؟

Araby transcription kifach dayer fle9raya?
English How are you doing with your studies?

Gulf Arabic
  • Spoken along the Persian Gulf coasts of Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, UAE and eastern Saudi Arabia, with growing number use of English due to British Colonialism in the later 19th Century: see Arablish.
Gulf Arabic

شلونك؟ شنو قاعد تسوي الحين؟

Araby transcription shlounik? Shnu ga3d tsawe al7een?
English How are you? What are you doing right now?

Iraqi Arabic
  • Baghdadi Arabic
Iraqi Arabic

عليمن يا قلُب تعتب عليمن؟

Araby transcription 3alayman ya galub ti3tib 3alayman?
English Who do you blame, my heart, who?

Sudanese Arabic
Sudanese Arabic

ولاي مشتاق ليك شديد يا زول كيفك إنتا؟ انا الحمدلله اكنت داير امشي المحل داك فوق النيل، المكان قريب من بيتك. حاستناك في الكبري.

Araby transcription wallay moshtag leakk shadid ya zol kefak inta? ana alhamdolillah konta dayir amshi le al ma7al dak fog al nil, al makan garib men betak. 7astanak fi al kubri.
English Oh, God, I missed you a lot, man! How are you? Thank God. So I want to go to that one place over the Nile, the place near your very house! I'll wait for you at the bridge.

Chadian Arabic
  • Shuwa Arabic spoken in N'Djamena, Chad.
Chadian Arabic

بوه ياخي، إتَ عفة؟ ولله سمح انا ماشي للسوبرمارشة ديك بي وسط نجامينا لو تدور تمشي يعني، تعال معاي يلا ياخي

Araby transcription Boh yakhi, inta afé? Wallah semeh, ana maché lê supermarché dik bi ousut n'djamena lô tidoura tamshi yani, ta'al maa'ai yalla yakhi.
English Oh, hey, my brother. How are you? Good. I am going to that supermarket, so if you want to come, hurry and come with me, my brother!

Criticism
See also: Arabic language § Arabic and Islam

The phenomenon of writing Arabic with these improvised chat alphabets has drawn sharp rebuke from a number of different segments of Arabic-speaking communities. While educators and members of the intelligentsia mourn the deterioration and degradation of the standard, literary, academic language,[11] conservative Muslims, as well as Pan-Arabists and some Arab-nationalists, view the Arabic Chat Alphabet as a detrimental form of Westernization. Arabic chat alphabets emerged amid a growing trend among Arab youth, from Morocco to Iraq, to incorporate former colonial languages—especially English and French—into Arabic through code switching or as a form of slang. These improvised chat alphabets are used to replace Arabic script, and this raises concerns regarding the preservation of the quality of the language.[2]

See also

References
  1. Ghanem, Renad (20 April 2011). "Arabizi is destroying the Arabic language". Arab News.
  2. Al-Fawaz, Nadia (26 December 2014). "Purists alarmed at increasing popularity of Franco-Arabic". Arab News.
  3. Yaghan, M. (2008). "Araby: A Contemporary Style of Arabic Slang". Design Issues 24(2): 39-52.
  4. Palfreyman, David; Muhamed, Al Khalil (2007). ""A Funky Language for Teenz to Use": Representing Gulf Arabic in Instant Messaging". In Danet, Brenda; Herring, Susan C. (eds.). The Multilingual Internet: Language, Culture, and Communication Online. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–64.
  5. "Panlatin". Firefox Add-ons.
  6. "ARABEASY Keyboard type Arabic in English IME". Chrome Web Store.
  7. جناحي, نجوى عبداللطيف (2018-01-06). "لنهجر لغة "العربيزي"!". Watan (in Arabic). Retrieved 2019-07-22.
  8. Bjørnsson, Jan Arild (November 2010). "Egyptian Romanized Arabic: A Study of Selected Features from Communication Among Egyptian Youth on Facebook" (PDF). University of Oslo. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  9. "Egyptian Independence: 1919-22". ICNC. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  10. Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139624695. OCLC 855022840.
  11. جناحي, نجوى عبداللطيف (2018-01-06). "لنهجر لغة "العربيزي"!". Watan (in Arabic). Retrieved 2019-07-22.

‹The template Internet slang variants is being considered for merging.› 

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