Zabol
Zabol (Persian:
Zabol زابل Zābul | |
---|---|
City | |
![]() ![]() Zabol | |
Coordinates: 31°01′43″N 61°30′04″E | |
Country | ![]() |
Province | Sistan and Baluchestan |
County | Zabol |
Bakhsh | Central |
Population (2016 Census) | |
• Urban | 134,950 [1] |
Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+4:30 (IRDT) |
Zabol is located near Lake Hamun and the region is irrigated by the Helmand River. Lake Hamun is a seasonal lake that is often dry. The people of Zabol are predominantly Persians who speak a variant of the Persian language and known as Sistani or Seistani which is very similar to Dari, also known as Afghan Persian, and a minority of Baloch who speak Balochi, a Northwestern Iranian language.
The city is home to Zabol University, the largest university in the city, as well as the Zabol Medical Science University. Zabol has a regional airport.
Zabol is connected by road to Zaranj across the border in Afghanistan. The Delaram-Zaranj Highway provides road connectivity to the rest of Afghanistan. Zabol thus provides Afghanistan access to the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf via the Port of Chabahar.
Air pollution
![](../I/m/Afghanistan-Iran_border_in_Zaranj%2C_Afghanistan%2C_2011.jpg)
The Zabol area is well known for its "120-day wind" (bād-e sad-o-bist-roz), a highly persistent dust storm in the summer which blows from north to south. The disappearance in the 2000s of the nearby Hamoun wetlands has exacerbated the dusty conditions in Zabol,[5] leading the World Health Organization to name Zabol the most polluted city in the world in 2016.[6] A 2017 study in the journal Preventive Medicine suggested that the harm from 30 minutes of cycling outdoors in Zabol's polluted air would outweigh the benefits of the exercise.[7]
Climate
Zabol has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh).
Climate data for Zabol (1962–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 29.0 (84.2) |
32.8 (91.0) |
38.4 (101.1) |
43.0 (109.4) |
48.0 (118.4) |
49.6 (121.3) |
49.0 (120.2) |
51.0 (123.8) |
46.8 (116.2) |
42.0 (107.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
29.0 (84.2) |
51.0 (123.8) |
Average high °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) |
18.5 (65.3) |
24.6 (76.3) |
31.7 (89.1) |
36.6 (97.9) |
40.5 (104.9) |
41.7 (107.1) |
40.0 (104.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
30.5 (86.9) |
23.4 (74.1) |
17.2 (63.0) |
29.7 (85.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.5 (47.3) |
11.5 (52.7) |
17.1 (62.8) |
23.7 (74.7) |
28.9 (84.0) |
33.0 (91.4) |
34.8 (94.6) |
33.1 (91.6) |
28.4 (83.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
9.9 (49.8) |
22.2 (72.0) |
Average low °C (°F) | 1.8 (35.2) |
4.4 (39.9) |
9.5 (49.1) |
15.7 (60.3) |
21.1 (70.0) |
25.4 (77.7) |
27.8 (82.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
13.9 (57.0) |
7.2 (45.0) |
2.7 (36.9) |
14.7 (58.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −12.0 (10.4) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
7.2 (45.0) |
14.0 (57.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
6.0 (42.8) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 13.8 (0.54) |
12.8 (0.50) |
14.3 (0.56) |
4.8 (0.19) |
0.8 (0.03) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.6 (0.06) |
2.2 (0.09) |
7.3 (0.29) |
57.7 (2.27) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 11.6 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 57 | 52 | 46 | 39 | 30 | 25 | 23 | 22 | 24 | 32 | 43 | 53 | 37 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 198.8 | 203.1 | 225.0 | 264.2 | 310.0 | 321.0 | 324.4 | 317.0 | 288.3 | 288.2 | 235.9 | 198.5 | 3,174.4 |
Source: Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[8] (temperatures),[9] (precipitation),[10] (humidity),[11] (days with precipitation),[12]
(sunshine)[13] |
Colleges and Universities
![](../I/m/Presidential_Building_of_UOZ.png)
- Zabol University
- Zabol University of Medical Sciences
- Islamic Azad university, Zabol Branch
- Payame-noor university of Zabol
References
- https://www.amar.org.ir/english
- Zabol can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3781433" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
- Skrine, Clarmont (1962). World War In Iran. Constable & Company. p. 68.
- "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". Islamic Republic of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 2011-11-11.
- Vidal, John; Kamali, Saeed (May 12, 2016). "Which are the world's two most polluted cities – and why?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
- Miles, Tom (May 12, 2016). "Iranian, Indian cities ranked worst for air pollution". Reuters. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
- Van Mead, Nick (February 13, 2017). "Tipping point: revealing the cities where exercise does more harm than good". The Guardian. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
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- "Highest record temperature in Zabol by Month 1962–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
- "Lowest record temperature in Zabol by Month 1962–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
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- "Average Maximum temperature in Zabol by Month 1962–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
- "Average Mean Daily temperature in Zabol by Month 1962–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
- "Average Minimum temperature in Zabol by Month 1962–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
- "Monthly Total Precipitation in Zabol by Month 1962–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
- "Average relative humidity in Zabol by Month 1962–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
- "No. Of days with precipitation equal to or greater than 1 mm in Zabol by Month 1962–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
- "Monthly total sunshine hours in Zabol by Month 1962–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. Retrieved April 8, 2015.