Wurtz–Fittig reaction

The Wurtz–Fittig reaction is the chemical reaction of aryl halides with alkyl halides and sodium metal in the presence of dry ether to give substituted aromatic compounds.[1] Charles Adolphe Wurtz reported what is now known as the Wurtz reaction in 1855,[2][3] involving the formation of a new carbon-carbon bond by coupling two alkyl halides.[4][5] Work by Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig in the 1860s extended the approach to the coupling of an alkyl halide with an aryl halide.[6][7] This modification of the Wurtz reaction is considered a separate process and is named for both scientists.[1]

Wurtz–Fittig reaction
Named after Charles Adolphe Wurtz
Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig
Reaction type Coupling reaction
Identifiers
Organic Chemistry Portal wurtz-fittig-reaction

The reaction works best for forming asymmetrical products if the halide reactants are somehow separate in their relative chemical reactivities. One way to accomplish this is to form the reactants with halogens of different periods. Typically the alkyl halide is made more reactive than the aryl halide, increasing the probability that the alkyl halide will form the organosodium bond first and thus act more effectively as a nucleophile toward the aryl halide.[8] Typically the reaction is used for the alkylation of aryl halides; however, with the use of ultrasound the reaction can also be made useful for the production of biphenyl compounds.[9]

Mechanism

There are two approaches to describing the mechanism of the Wurtz–Fittig reaction.[10][11] The first involves the sodium-mediated formation of both alkyl and aryl radicals. The alkyl and aryl radicals then combine to form a substituted aromatic compound.

Radical Mechanism for the Wurtz–Fittig Reaction

The second approach involves the formation of an intermediate organo-alkali compound followed by nucleophilic attack of the alkyl halide.

Organo-alkali Mechanism of the Wurtz–Fittig Reaction

There is empirical evidence for both approaches. The free radical mechanism is supported by the observation of side products whose formation cannot be explained by an organo-alkali mechanism.[12] In a reaction between sodium and cholorobenzene, Bachmann and Clarke[12] find that one of the many side products is triphenylene. They contend that the only way to explain the formation of triphenylene is through a free radical mechanism.

The organo-alkali mechanism is supported by indirect evidence which shows that an organo-alkali intermediate actually forms during the reaction.[11] This has been observed my many investigators.[10] For example, Shoruguin[13] shows that bubbling carbon dioxide through a mixture of sodium and isobutyl bromide results in the formation of 3-methylbutanoic acid.

Reaction Scheme for the Formation of 3-methylbutanoic acid

The formation of 3-methylbutanoic acid follows from a nucleophilic attack of carbon dioxide by an organosodium compound. These results suggest that Wurtz–Fittig reaction occurs via the formation of an organoalkali compound since the reaction conditions are similar.

Use of other metals

The Wurtz–Fittig Reaction can be conducted using metals other than sodium. Some examples include potassium, iron, copper, and lithium.[14] When lithium is used, the reaction occurs with appreciable yield only under ultrasound.[15] Ultrasound is known to cleave halogen atoms from aryl and alkyl halides via a free radical mechanism[16]

Applications

The Wurtz–Fittig Reaction has limited applicability since side reactions such as rearrangements and eliminations are prevalent.[14] However, the reaction is useful for the laboratory synthesis of organosilicon compounds, although there are challenges in adapting the procedure to a large-scale industrial process.[17] Organosilicon compounds successfully synthesized via the Wurtz–Fittig reaction include silylated calixarenes,[18] t-Butylsilicon compounds,[19] and vinylsilanes.[20] For example, t-butyltriethoxysilane can be prepared via the Wurtz–Fitting reaction by combining tetraoxysilane, t-butyl chloride and molten sodium. The reaction proceeds with a 40% yield.[19]

The Synthesis of t-Butyltriethoxysilane via the Wurtz–Fittig Reaction

See also

References
  1. Wang, Zerong (2010). "Wurtz–Fittig Reaction". Comprehensive Organic Name Reactions and Reagents. 686. pp. 3100–3104. doi:10.1002/9780470638859.conrr686. ISBN 9780470638859.
  2. Wurtz, Adolphe (1855). "Sur une Nouvelle Classe de Radicaux Organiques" [On a New Class of Organic Radicals]. Annales de Chimie et de Physique (in French). 44: 275–312.
  3. Wurtz, A. (1855). "Ueber eine neue Klasse organischer Radicale" [About a new class of organic radicals]. Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (in German). 96 (3): 364–375. doi:10.1002/jlac.18550960310.
  4. Wang, Zerong (2010). "Wurtz Synthesis (Wurtz Reaction, Wurtz Reductive Coupling)". Comprehensive Organic Name Reactions and Reagents. 685. pp. 3094–3099. doi:10.1002/9780470638859.conrr685. ISBN 9780470638859.
  5. Kantchev, Eric Asssen B.; Organ, Michael G. (2014). "48.1.2.4 Method 4: Reductive Coupling of Alkyl Halides". In Hiemstra, H. (ed.). Alkanes. Science of Synthesis: Houben-Weyl Methods of Molecular Transformations. 48. Georg Thieme Verlag. ISBN 9783131784810.
  6. Tollens, Bernhard; Fittig, Rudolph (1864). "Ueber die Synthese der Kohlenwasserstoffe der Benzolreihe" [On the synthesis of the hydrocarbons of the benzene series]. Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (in German). 131 (3): 303–323. doi:10.1002/jlac.18641310307.
  7. Fittig, Rudolph; König, Joseph (1867). "Ueber das Aethyl- und Diäthylbenzol" [About ethyl- and diethylbenzene]. Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (in German). 144 (3): 277–294. doi:10.1002/jlac.18671440308.
  8. Desai, K. R. (2008). Organic Name Reactions. Jaipur, India: Oxford Book Company. p. 259. ISBN 9788189473327.
  9. Laue, Thomas; Plagens, Andreas (2005). Named Organic Reactions (2nd ed.). Wolfsburg, Germany: John Wiley & Sons. p. 305. ISBN 9780470010402.
  10. Wooster, Charles Bushnell (1932). "Organo-alkali Compounds". Chemical Reviews. 11 (1): 1–91. doi:10.1021/cr60038a001. ISSN 0009-2665.
  11. Gilman, Henry; Wright, George F. (1933). "The Mechanism of the Wurtz—Fittig Reaction. The Direct Preparation of an Organosodium (Potassium) Compound from an RX Compound". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 55 (7): 2893–2896. doi:10.1021/ja01334a044. ISSN 0002-7863.
  12. Bachmann, W. E.; Clarke, H. T. (1927). "The Mechanism of the Wurtz–Fittig Reaction". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 49 (8): 2089–2098. doi:10.1021/ja01407a038. ISSN 0002-7863.
  13. Schoruigin: Ber. 41, 2711-7 (1908); ibid. 43, 1938-42 (1910).
  14. Smith, Michael; March, Jerry (2007). March's advanced organic chemistry: Reactions, mechanisms, and structure (6th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0471720911. OCLC 69020965.
  15. Han, Byung Hee; Boudjouk, Philip (1981). "Organic sonochemistry. Ultrasound-promoted coupling of organic halides in the presence of lithium wire". Tetrahedron Letters. 22 (29): 2757–2758. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)90544-1. ISSN 0040-4039.
  16. Prakash, S.; Pandey, J. D. (1965). "Sonocleavage of halogens from aliphatic chains and aromatic rings". Tetrahedron. 21 (4): 903–908. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(65)80026-6. ISSN 0040-4020.
  17. Bassett, E. A.; Emblem, H. G.; Frankel, M.; Ridge, D. (1948). "The use of the Wurtz–Fittig reaction in the preparation of organo-substituted silanes". Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 67 (5): 177–179. doi:10.1002/jctb.5000670503. ISSN 0368-4075.
  18. Hudrlik, Paul F.; Arasho, Wondwossen D.; Hudrlik, Anne M. (2007). "The Wurtz–Fittig Reaction in the Preparation of C-Silylated Calixarenes". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 72 (21): 8107–8110. doi:10.1021/jo070660n. ISSN 0022-3263. PMID 17850095.
  19. Chappelow, C. C.; Elliott, R. L.; Goodwin, J. T. (1962). "Synthesis of t-Butylsilicon Compounds by the Wurtz–Fitting Reaction1". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 27 (4): 1409–1414. doi:10.1021/jo01051a069. ISSN 0022-3263.
  20. Adam, Waldemar; Richter, Markus J. (1994). "One-Pot Synthesis of α-Trimethylsilyl Enones from Vinylsilanes". Synthesis. 1994 (2): 176–180. doi:10.1055/s-1994-25433. ISSN 0039-7881.


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