Work 4.0

Work 4.0 (German: Arbeit 4.0) is the conceptual umbrella under which the future of work is discussed in Germany and, to some extent, within the European Union.[1] It describes how the world of work may change until 2030[2] and beyond in response to the developments associated with Industry 4.0, including widespread digitalization.[3] The concept was first introduced in November 2015 by the German Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (BMAS) when it launched a report entitled Re-Imagining Work: Green Paper Work 4.0.[4] It has since then been taken up by trade unions such as the DGB[5] and various employers' and industry association such as the VDMA[6] and the BDA.[7] At the global level, similar topics are addressed by the World Bank's 2019 World Development Report The Changing Nature of Work[8] and ILO's Future of Work Centenary Initiative.[9]

Conceptual Framework

Conceptually, Work 4.0 reflects the current fourth phase of work relations, having been preceded by the birth of industrial society and the first workers' organizations in the late 18th century (Work 1.0), the beginning of mass production and of the welfare state in the late 19th century (Work 2.0), and the advent of globalization, digitalization and the transformation of the social market economy since the 1970s (Work 3.0). By contrast, Work 4.0 is characterized by a high degree of integration and cooperation, the use of digital technologies (e.g. the internet), and a rise in flexible work arrangements.[10] Its drivers include digitalization, globalization, demographic change (ageing, migration), and cultural change.[11] Challenges include

  • (i) the transformation of economic sectors and activities and its effect on employment,
  • (ii) the creation of new markets and new forms of work through digital platforms,
  • (iii) the issues associated with Big Data (e.g. data protection),
  • (iv) the relationship between the use of human and machine labour (upskilling vs. deskilling, devaluation of experience, individual support vs. behavioural monitoring),
  • (v) the possibility of flexible work conditions regarding time and location, and
  • (vi) profound changes in the structures of organizations.[12]

In response to these challenges, the BMAS has developed a "vision for quality jobs in the digital age", based on policies such as moving from unemployment to employment insurance, the promotion of self-determined flexible working time arrangements, improvements in the working conditions of the service sector, new ergonomic approaches to occupational health and safety, high standards in employee data protection, the co-determination and participation of social partners in employment relations, better social protection for self-employed persons, and the beginning of a European dialogue on the future of the welfare state.[13]

World Bank Analysis

The World Development Report 2019 argues that a new social contract is needed to address longer work transitions.[14] Authors Simeon Djankov and Federica Saliola documents examples of countries and companies that have created new ways to deliver social insurance.

References
  1. European Political Strategy Centre (2016). The Future of Work: Skills and Resilience for a World of Change. EPSC Strategic Notes, Issue 13. Retrieved May 3rd, 2018.
  2. Vogler-Ludwig, K., Düll, N., Kriechel, B. (2016). Arbeitsmarkt 2030 - Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt im digitalen Zeitalter. Prognose 2016. Munich: Economix Research & Consulting.
  3. Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany (2017). Re-Imagining Work: White Paper Work 4.0, p. 5.
  4. Salimi, M. (2015). Work 4.0: An Enormous Potential for Economic Growth in Germany. ADAPT Bulletin.
  5. Suchy, O. (November 17th, 2015). Stellungnahme des DGB zum Grünbuch „Arbeiten 4.0“ des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales. Retrieved August 18th, 2018.
  6. VDMA. Work 4.0 - Humans at its heart.
  7. BDA (May 2015). Chancen der Digitalisierung nutzen: Positionspapier der BDA zur Digitalisierung von Wirtschaft und Arbeitswelt. Retrieved August 18th, 2018.
  8. World Bank World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work.
  9. International Labour Organization: The Future of Work Centenary Initiative. Retrieved August 18th, 2018.
  10. Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany (2015). Re-Imagining Work: Green Paper Work 4.0, pp. 33-5.
  11. Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany (2017). Re-Imagining Work: White Paper Work 4.0, pp. 18-41.
  12. Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany (2017). Re-Imagining Work: White Paper Work 4.0, pp. 42-91.
  13. Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany (2017). Re-Imagining Work: White Paper Work 4.0, pp. 98-187.
  14. "The Changing Nature of Work". Retrieved 7 October 2018.
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