Vulpini

Vulpini
	Clockwise from top: red fox, bat-eared fox, raccoon dog
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Subfamily:	Caninae
Tribe:	Vulpini; Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1832
Genus[1]
	†Metalopex Tedford, Wang, & Taylor 2008[1]; Nyctereutes; Otocyon; †Prototocyon; Vulpes; ;

Vulpini is a taxonomic rank which represents the fox-like tribe of the subfamily Caninae (the canines), and is sister to the dog-like tribe Canini.[1]

Taxonomy

These small canids are distinguished from all other Caninae in possessing a wide paroccipital process that is broadly sutured to the posterior surface of the bulla with a short and laterally turned free tip that barely extends below the body of the process. The presence of a metaconule and postprotocrista on M2 of vulpines represents the culmination of a reversal that began with late Leptocyon species to resume the form of the primitive canine M2.
— Richard H. Tedford[1]

The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh (2005)[2] modified to incorporate recent findings on Vulpes.[3]

Vulpini

Otocyon megalotis (bat-eared fox)

Nyctereutes procyonoides (raccoon dog)

Vulpes

	Vulpes zerda (fennec fox)

	Vulpes cana (Blanford's fox)

Vulpes chama (Cape fox)

	Vulpes vulpes (red fox)

	Vulpes rueppellii (Ruppell's fox)

	Vulpes corsac (corsac fox)

	Vulpes ferrilata (Tibetan sand fox)

	Vulpes macrotis (kit fox)

	Vulpes lagopus (Arctic fox)

References

Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999.
Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.
Zhao, Chao; Zhang, Honghai; Liu, Guangshuai; Yang, Xiufeng; Zhang, Jin (2016). "The complete mitochondrial genome of the Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata) and implications for the phylogeny of Canidae". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 339 (2): 68–77. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2015.11.005. ISSN 1631-0691. PMID 26868757.

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[Tedford2009-1] Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999.

[LindbladToh2005-2] Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.

[ZhaoZhang2016-3] Zhao, Chao; Zhang, Honghai; Liu, Guangshuai; Yang, Xiufeng; Zhang, Jin (2016). "The complete mitochondrial genome of the Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata) and implications for the phylogeny of Canidae". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 339 (2): 68–77. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2015.11.005. ISSN 1631-0691. PMID 26868757.