Viola Desmond

Viola Irene Desmond (July 6, 1914 – February 7, 1965) was a Canadian civil rights activist and businesswoman of Black Nova Scotian descent. In 1946 she challenged racial segregation at a cinema in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia by refusing to leave a whites-only area of the Roseland Theatre. For this, she was convicted of a minor tax violation for the one-cent tax difference between the seat she had paid for and the seat she used, which was more expensive. Desmond's case is one of the most publicized incidents of racial discrimination in Canadian history and helped start the modern civil rights movement in Canada.

Viola Desmond
Desmond c.1940
Born
Viola Irene Davis

(1914-07-06)July 6, 1914
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
DiedFebruary 7, 1965(1965-02-07) (aged 50)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Resting placeCamp Hill Cemetery, Halifax
NationalityCanadian
EducationBloomfield High School[1]
OccupationBusiness owner and beautician
Spouse(s)Jack Desmond
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Viola Desmond Apology 2010
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In 2010, Desmond was granted a posthumous pardon, the first to be granted in Canada.[2][3] The Crown-in-Right-of-Nova Scotia also apologized for prosecuting her for tax evasion and acknowledged she was rightfully resisting racial discrimination.[4] In 2016, the Bank of Canada inaccurately announced that Desmond would be the first Canadian woman to be featured on the front of a Canadian banknote, but that honour went to Agnes Macphail, who appeared along with three men on a small print run commemorative note issued in 2017 to mark the 150th anniversary of Confederation.

In late 2018 Desmond became the first Canadian woman to appear alone on a Canadian bank note—a $10 bill which was unveiled by Finance Minister Bill Morneau and Bank of Canada Governor Stephen Poloz during a ceremony at the Halifax Central Library on March 8, 2018.[5][6] Desmond was also named a National Historic Person in 2018.[7]

Biography

Viola Desmond (née Davis) was born on July 6, 1914, one of ten children of James Albert and Gwendolin Irene (née Johnson) Davis.[8] Viola grew up with her grandparents who were active in the black community in Halifax, Nova Scotia, despite the fact that her mother was white and her father black, uncommon for the time.[9]

Growing up, Desmond noted the absence of professional hair and skin-care products for black women and set her sights on addressing the need.[10][8] Being of African descent, she was not allowed to train to become a beautician in Halifax, so she left and received beautician training in Montreal, Atlantic City and one of Madam C. J. Walker's beauty schools in New York. Upon finishing her training, Desmond returned to Halifax to start her own hair salon. Her clients included Portia White and a young Gwen Jenkins, later the first black nurse in Nova Scotia.[11]

A tin of sepia face powder sold by Viola Desmond

In addition to the salon, Desmond opened The Desmond School of Beauty Culture so that black women would not have to travel as far as she had to receive proper training. Catering to women from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Quebec, the school operated using a vertical integration framework.[8][12] Students were provided with the skills required to open their own businesses and provide jobs for other black women within their communities. Each year as many as fifteen women graduated from the school, all of whom had been denied admission to whites-only training schools.[8] Desmond also started her own line of beauty products, Vi's Beauty Products, which she marketed and sold herself.[9][11][13]

Arrest

Viola Desmond joined her husband Jack Desmond in a combined barbershop and hairdressing salon on Gottingen Street. On November 8, 1946 while on a business trip to Sydney to sell her beauty products, Viola Desmond's car broke down in New Glasgow. She was told that she would have to wait a day before the parts to fix it became available. To pass the time while waiting, she went to see The Dark Mirror[14] starring Olivia de Havilland at the Roseland Film Theatre.[15]

There were no formal laws enforcing segregation in movie theatres in New Glasgow, and the theatre had no sign telling its patrons about the policy, but main floor seats were reserved for white patrons. Ms. Desmond was sold a ticket to the balcony unaware of the segregation and, being nearsighted, went to sit in the floor section to be close to the screen. When she was asked to move, she realized what was happening, and refused to move because she had a better view from the main floor there. She was forcefully removed from the theatre which caused an injury to her hip. She was also arrested and spent 12 hours in jail, and had to pay a $20 fine. The tax on the balcony price of 20 cents was two cents; the tax on the floor price of 40 cents was three cents. She was convicted of depriving the government of one cent in tax.[9] Desmond was kept in jail overnight and was never informed about her right to legal advice, a lawyer, or bail.[13][15]

Upon returning to Halifax, Desmond discussed the matter with her husband, and his advice was to let it go. However, she then sought advice from the leaders of her church, the Cornwallis Street Baptist Church, where the Minister William Pearly Oliver and his wife Pearline encouraged her to take action. With their support, Desmond decided to fight the charge in court.

Trials
Frederick William Bissett – Desmond's lawyer

Following the decision to fight the charge, Carrie Best broke the story of Desmond in the first edition of The Clarion, the first black-owned and published Nova Scotia newspaper.[16] Best had herself previously confronted the racial segregation of the Roseland Theatre.[17]

With the help of her church and the Nova Scotia Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NSAACP), Desmond hired a lawyer, Frederick William Bissett, who represented her in the criminal trials and attempted, unsuccessfully, to file a lawsuit against the Roseland Theatre.

During subsequent trials the government insisted on arguing that this was a case of tax evasion. A provincial act regulating cinemas and movie theatres required the payment of an amusement tax based on the price of the theatre ticket. Since the theatre would only agree to sell Desmond a cheaper balcony ticket, but she had insisted upon sitting in the much more expensive main floor seat, she was only one cent short on tax. The statute used to convict Desmond contained no explicitly racist or discriminatory language.

Bissett's decision to opt for a judicial review rather than appeal the original conviction proved disastrous. Desmond's lawyer tried to appeal the decision on the basis of her being wrongfully accused of tax evasion, not on the basis of racial discrimination.[18] When dismissing the case, Justice William Lorimer Hall said:

Had the matter reached the court by some other method than certiorari there might have been an opportunity to right the wrong done this unfortunate woman. One wonders if the manager of the theatre who laid the complaint was so zealous because of a bona fide belief that there had been an attempt to defraud the province of Nova Scotia of the sum of one cent, or was it a surreptitious endeavour to enforce a Jim Crow rule by misuse of a public statute.

— Justice William Lorimer Hall, when dismissing Desmond's application.[19]

Her lawyer, Bissett, refused to bill Desmond and the money was used to support William Pearly Oliver's newly established Nova Scotia Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NSAACP).

Later life

After the trial, Desmond closed her business and moved to Montreal where she could enroll in a business college. She eventually settled in New York City, where she died from gastrointestinal bleeding on February 7, 1965, at the age of 50.[20] She is buried at Camp Hill Cemetery in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Legacy
The gravesite of Viola Desmond at Camp Hill Cemetery, Halifax.

William Pearly Oliver later reflected on Desmond's legacy:

... this meant something to our people. Neither before or since has there been such an aggressive effort to obtain rights. The people arose as one and with one voice. This positive stand enhanced the prestige of the Negro community throughout the Province. It is my conviction that much of the positive action that has since taken place stemmed from this ...

— William Pearly Oliver, reflecting on the case 15 years later.[21]

Desmond is often compared to Rosa Parks, given they both challenged racism by refusing to vacate seats in "Whites Only" sections and contributed to the rise of the Civil Rights Movement. Despite Nova Scotia and other Canadian provinces having Jim Crow laws, for instance in education,[22][23] there was no law specifically enforcing segregation in theatres.[24]

Commemorations
Launch of the Viola Desmond, a ferry operating in Halifax harbour

On January 28, 2019, a Nova Scotia school teacher was awarded the Governor General's History Award for her students' proposal to build a statue of Desmond in Cornwallis Park. Her proposal was to include the existing Edward Cornwallis statue among three other statues of Acadian Noël Doiron, Black Nova Scotian Viola Desmond and Mi'kmaw Chief John Denny Jr. The four statutes would be positioned as if in a conversation with each other, discussing their accomplishments and struggles.[25][26]

Cape Breton University established a scholarship campaign in the names of Viola Desmond and Wanda Robson, and named a Chair in Social Justice after Desmond.[27]

In 2012, Desmond was portrayed on a commemorative stamp issued by Canada Post.[28]

On July 7, 2016, a Halifax harbour ferry was launched bearing her name.[29]

On December 8, 2016, Viola Desmond was chosen as the first Canadian woman to appear on her own on the Canadian ten-dollar note after being on a shortlist of five.[30][31] On November 26, 2018, the Bank of Canada released a new design of the $10 bill, celebrating Viola Desmond's achievements in the civil rights movement.[32] While Agnes Macphail appeared on a note in 2017 with three men, Desmond was the first non-royal woman to appear alone on a regularly circulated note.[33][34]

Desmond was named a National Historic Person on January 12, 2018.

In June 2018, Canada's Walk of Fame star was unveiled at the Halifax Ferry Terminal.[35]

The Arts

In 2000, Desmond and other Canadian civil rights activists were the subject of a National Film Board of Canada documentary Journey to Justice.[36] A documentary film was made about her, entitled Long Road to Justice: The Viola Desmond Story.[13]

Her sister, Wanda Robson, wrote a book about activism in her family and her experiences with her sister, titled Sister to Courage.[37] Desmond was also the subject of a children's book Viola Desmond Won't Be Budged by Jody Nyasha Warner.[38]

Singer Faith Nolan wrote a song about her.[39]

On February 2, 2016, Historica Canada featured Desmond in a Heritage Minute,[40] filmed in High River, Alberta, in June 2015. The video features Kandyse McClure as Viola Desmond.[41] She became the first historical woman of colour to feature in a Heritage Minute.[15]

Google's July 6, 2018 Doodle, created by Google artist Sophie Diao, celebrates the life and legacy of Viola Desmond, and was distributed across Canada.[42]

Desmond's life and broader issues of racial discrimination in Canada are the subject of a play developed by Toronto playwright Andrea Scott. Controlled Damage was produced by Halifax's Neptune Theatre in association with b current productions of Toronto. The play premiered at Neptune on 4 February, 2020 with Halifax actress Deborah Castrilli in the role of Viola Desmond.[43]

Apology and pardon

On April 14, 2010, the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, Mayann Francis, on the advice of Premier Darrell Dexter, invoked the Royal Prerogative and granted Desmond a posthumous free pardon,[2] the first to be granted in Canada.[3] The free pardon, an extraordinary remedy granted under the Royal Prerogative of Mercy only in the rarest of circumstances and the first one granted posthumously, differs from a simple pardon in that it is based on innocence and recognizes that a conviction was in error.[3] Francis, herself a Black Canadian, remarked: "Here I am, 64 years later – a black woman giving freedom to another black woman", about her signing of the pardon.[15]

The Government of Nova Scotia also apologized.[4] Desmond's younger sister Wanda Robson and Graham Reynolds, a professor of Cape Breton University, worked with the Government of Nova Scotia to ensure that Desmond's name was cleared, there was a public acknowledgement of the injustice and Nova Scotia reaffirmed its commitment to Human Rights. The provincial government declared the first Nova Scotia Heritage Day in her honour in February 2015.[28][28] Desmond's portrait also hangs in Government House in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

See also

References
  1. Walker 2012, p. 108
  2. Carlson, Kathryn Blaze (April 14, 2010). "'Canada's Rosa Parks,' Viola Desmond, posthumously pardoned". National Post. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
  3. "Late Viola Desmond Granted Apology, Free Pardon". NovaScotia, Canada. April 15, 2010. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
  4. "N.S. apologizes for 1946 conviction". Winnipeg Sun. April 15, 2010. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
  5. Harris, Kathleen (December 8, 2016). "Black rights activist Viola Desmond to be 1st Canadian woman on $10 bill". cbcnews.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  6. Peter Goffin (December 8, 2016). "Civil rights pioneer Viola Desmond will appear on new Canadian $10 bill". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  7. Government of Canada Announces New National Historic Designations Archived January 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Parks Canada press release, January 12, 2018.
  8. "Viola Desmond". ojs.library.dal.ca/NSM/index. Nova Scotia Museum. 2015. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  9. Bingham, Russell (January 27, 2013). "Viola Desmond". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  10. Bishop, Henry V. "Viola Irene Desmond — 2015 Honouree, Nova Scotia Heritage Day". novascotia.ca/archives/. Nova Scotia Archives. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  11. Backhouse 1999, p. 240
  12. Oliver, Leslie (2012). "Viola Desmond". www.bccns.com/. Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  13. "Long Road to Justice – The Viola Desmond Story (Full Documentary)". YouTube. February 6, 2012. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  14. "Viola Desmond Heritage Minute". Historica Canada. Archived from the original on December 25, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  15. Annett, Evan (December 8, 2016). "Who's the woman on Canada's new $10 bill? A Viola Desmond primer". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  16. "Carrie Best - Clarion Years". Carrie Best - A Digital Archive. Pictou-Antigonish Regional Library. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  17. Mainstreet, CBC Radio Halifax, January 19, 2015.
  18. Backhouse 1999, p. 266.
  19. "Dismisses Desmond Application". The Halifax Chronicle. April 15, 1947. p. 14. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
  20. Walker 2012, p. 136
  21. Thomson, Colin A. (1986). Born with a Call: A Biography of Dr. William Pearly Oliver, C.M. Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-921201-01-4. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  22. "1923 revisions to Nova Scotia legislative assembly's Education Act of 1918, page 500, "for separate apartments or buildings in any section for the different [...] races of pupils"" (PDF). Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  23. "Nova Scotia's first black superintendent appointed to Tri-County School Board". cbcnews.ca. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  24. Washington Post
  25. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/temma-frecker-cornwallis-statue-project-booker-school-1.4994436
  26. https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/awards/2018-finalists-for-the-governor-general-s-history-award-for-excellence-in-teaching
  27. "Viola Desmond Chair in Social Justice". Cape Breton University – Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada. February 28, 2011. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  28. "Viola Desmond 1st Nova Scotian honoured on new holiday". CBC News. February 17, 2014. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
  29. Doucette, Keith. "Civil rights pioneer's legacy grows with launch of the ferry 'Viola Desmond'". Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  30. Kathleen Harris (December 8, 2016). "Black rights activist Viola Desmond to be first woman on $10 bill". CBCNews. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  31. Sammy Hudes; Megan Dolski (November 24, 2016). "Five women shortlisted for new Canadian bank notes". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on November 25, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  32. "Canada's Vertical $10 Note". bankofcanada.ca. Bank of Canada. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
  33. Bundale, Brett, "Canada unveils $10 bill featuring civil rights icon Viola Desmond" Archived March 8, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The Star, March 8, 2018.
  34. "ew $10 bank note featuring Viola Desmond unveiled on International Women’s Day" Archived March 8, 2018, at the Wayback Machine (press release), Bank of Canada, March 8, 2018.
  35. Cooke, Alex (November 12, 2018). "New $10 bill featuring Viola Desmond goes into circulation next week". Archived from the original on November 13, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  36. Roger McTair, director (2000). Journey to Justice. National Film Board of Canada. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  37. Robson, Wanda; Caplan, Ronald (August 11, 2010). Sister to Courage: Stories from the World of Viola Desmond, Canada's Rosa Parks. Breton Books. ISBN 978-1-8954-1534-6.
  38. "Viola Desmond Won't Be Budged". House of Anansi. April 15, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  39. "Music". faithnolan.org. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  40. "Viola Desmond Heritage Minute debuts, honouring the 'Rosa Parks of Canada'". CBC News. February 2, 2016. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  41. Sadaf Ahsan (February 2, 2016). "Historica Canada honours Viola Desmond, the 'Rosa Parks of Canada,' with a Heritage Minute". National Post.
  42. "Viola Desmond's 104th Birthday". google.com. July 6, 2018.
  43. "Controlled Damage puts Viola Desmond centre stage at Neptune Theatre". www.thechronicleherald.ca. February 3, 2020.

Bibliography

Further reading
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