Toxodon

Skeletal diagram

Charles Darwin was one of the first to collect Toxodon fossils, after paying 18 pence for a T. platensis skull from a farmer in Uruguay.[3] In The Voyage of the Beagle Darwin wrote, "November 26th - I set out on my return in a direct line for Monte Video. Having heard of some giant's bones at a neighbouring farm-house on the Sarandis, a small stream entering the Rio Negro, I rode there accompanied by my host, and purchased for the value of eighteen pence the head of the Toxodon."[4] Since Darwin discovered that the fossils of similar mammals of South America were different from those in Europe, he invoked many debates about the evolution and natural selection of animals.

In his own words, Darwin wrote down in his journal, "Lastly, the Toxodon, perhaps one of the strangest animals ever discovered: in size it equaled an elephant or megatherium, but the structure of its teeth, as Mr. Owen states, proves indisputably that it was intimately related to the Gnawers, the order which, at the present day, includes most of the smallest quadrupeds: in many details it is allied to the Pachydermata: judging from the position of its eyes, ears, and nostrils, it was probably aquatic, like the Dugong and Manatee, to which it is also allied. How wonderfully are the different Orders, at the present time so well separated, blended together in different points of the structure of the Toxodon!"

Analysis of collagen sequences obtained from Toxodon as well as from Macrauchenia found that South America's native notoungulates and litopterns form a sister group to perissodactyls, making them true ungulates.[5][6] This finding has been corroborated by an analysis of mitochondrial DNA extracted from a Macrauchenia fossil, which yielded a date of 66 Ma for the time of the split with perissodactyls.[7]

Evolution

Restoration of T. platensis

Toxodon skull, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen

In 2014, a study identifying a new species of toxodontid resolved the phylogenetic relations of the toxodontids, including to Toxodon. The below cladogram was found by the study:[8]

Pampahippus arenalesi         Rhynchippus spp.       Scarrittia canquelensis     Leonitinia gaudri       Toxodontidae   Proadinotherium leptognathum         Adinotherium spp.       Nesodon taweretus     Nesodon imbricatus           Palyeidodon obtusum       Hyperoxotodon speciosus         Nonotherium henningi     Xotodon spp.           Andinotoxodon bolivariensis         Dinotoxodon paranensis     Toxodon platensis         Gyrinodon quassus       Ocnerotherium intermedium     Hoffstetterius imperator               Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi       Pisanodon nazari       Pericotoxodon platignathus         Calchaquitherium mixtum     Mixotoxodon larensis         Paratrigodon euguii     Trigodon gaudri

Restoration of Toxodon platensis

Toxodon was about 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) in body length, with an estimated weight up to 1,415 kg (3,120 lb)[9] and about 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) high at the shoulder and resembled a heavy rhinoceros, with a short and vaguely hippopotamus-like head.[10] Because of the position of its nasal openings, it is believed that Toxodon had a well-developed snout. It had a massive skeleton, which suggests that it supported a large muscular body. It had short stout legs with three functional toes, with most of the body weight being borne by the central toe.

The vertebrae were equipped with high apophyses, which most likely supported the massive weight and muscles as well as its powerful head. Toxodon had broad jaws which were filled with bow shaped teeth and incisors. These teeth would have allowed the animal to tear through and bite off plants and leaves.

It was initially believed to have been amphibious, but after examining the proportions of the femur and tibia, as well as the position of its head, below the top of the spinal column, palaeontologists realized that it had features similar to terrestrial animals such as elephants or rhinoceroses. The fossils are also usually found in arid and semi-arid areas, typically an indication of a primarily terrestrial life.

Toxodon would have had a very unusual gait, due to its peculiar proportions. It may have galloped to escape predators, but like a rhino, it probably relied more on its size as protection against predators.

Toxodon became extinct at the beginning of the Holocene, previous mid-Holocene dates are now thought to be in error.[11]

Fossils of Toxodon have been found in:[2][12]

Holocene

• Abismo Ponto de Flecha, Brazil

Pleistocene

• San José, Fortin Tres Pozos, Chaco and Luján Formations, Argentina
• Tarija and Ñuapua Formations, Bolivia
• Brazil
• Guatemala
• Panama
• Paraguay
• Sopas and Dolores Formations, Uruguay

Miocene-Pliocene (Montehermosan)

• Monte Hermoso Formation, Argentina

Miocene

• Ituzaingó Formation, then described as Entrerriana Formation, Argentina