Timeline of the Argentine War of Independence

Argentine independence War
	Part of the Spanish American wars of independence
	; From top and left: Crossing of the Andes, Battle of Salta, 22 May 1810 Open Cabildo, Battle of San Lorenzo, Battle of Suipacha, 1813 Assembly, Shooting of Liniers, Jujuy Exodus.
Date	1810 - 1818
Location	Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia
Result	Argentine victory and emancipation from Spanish colonial rule, slavery partially abolished
Belligerents
Patriots; United Provinces of the Río de la Plata ; Chilean exiles	Royalists; Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ; Viceroyalty of Peru
Commanders and leaders
Manuel Belgrano; José de San Martín; Martín Miguel de Güemes †; Juan José Castelli; William Brown; Carlos María de Alvear; José Gervasio Artigas; José Rondeau; Bernardo O'Higgins	Francisco Javier de Elío; Bernardo de Velasco; José Manuel de Goyeneche; Pedro Antonio Olañeta; Santiago de Liniers

The Argentine War of Independence was fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine patriotic forces under Manuel Belgrano, Juan José Castelli and José de San Martín against royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown. On July 9, 1816, an assembly met in San Miguel de Tucumán, declared full independence with provisions for a national constitution.

2019

August 20: The first British invasion of the Río de la Plata is defeated by an army led by Santiago de Liniers. In the absence of the viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte, Liniers is appointed captain general.

1807

February 10: Rafael de Sobremonte, viceroy of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, is deposed and replaced by Santiago de Liniers.
July 7: The second British invasion of the Río de la Plata is defeated.

1808

Napoleon invades Spain and starts the Peninsular War.
- Mutiny of Aranjuez. A popular uprising forces the King Charles IV to abdicate, being replaced by his son, Ferdinand VII
- Ferdinand VII is removed as king of Spain and replaced by Joseph Bonaparte, appointed by Napoleon.
- Popular resistance creates government Juntas. The Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom is created.
Disputes at the Río de la Plata between Liniers and Francisco Javier de Elío. Elío creates a government Junta in Montevideo.

1809

January 1: Mutiny of Álzaga, defeated by local militias.
Liniers is replaced by Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros, viceroy designated by the Junta of Seville.
Mariano Moreno writes The Representation of the Hacendados.
Cisneros briefly opens the Port of Buenos Aires to foreign trade.

1810

Spain is dominated by French forces and the Supreme Central and Governing Junta is defeated
The Cádiz Cortes convenes in Spain
An open cabildo in Buenos Aires deposes the viceroy and creates a government junta.
Córdoba rejects the Junta of Buenos Aires. Liniers leads a counter-revolution, which is defeated. Liniers is executed as result.
Buenos Aires organizes military campaigns against Paraguay and the Upper Peru.

1811

Francisco Javier de Elío is appointed viceroy by the Juntas of Cádiz, and Montevideo the capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. Elío declares war against the Junta of Buenos Aires, but gets sieged by the surrounding cities.
Mariano Moreno resigns from the Primera Junta, and dies at sea while traveling to Europe. Nevertheless, disputes between Saavedrist and Morenist groups in Buenos Aires continue.
Paraguay becomes independent
The Army of the North is defeated in Huaqui. The revolutionaries lost the Upper Peru and their mines.
The Junta Grande of Buenos Aires is replaced by the First Triumvirate

1812

Manuel Belgrano creates the Flag of Argentina
José de San Martín and Carlos María de Alvear arrive in Buenos Aires from Europe
Martín de Álzaga is executed after a failed mutiny against the First Triumvirate
Belgrano defeats the royalists at the Battle of Tucumán
The First Triumvirate is deposed by San Martín and Alvear, and replaced by the Second Triumvirate
José Gervasio Artigas, José Rondeau and Soler defeat Gaspar de Vigodet

1813

February 3: José de San Martín defeats a royalist raid from Montevideo during the Battle of San Lorenzo
Joseph Bonaparte flees from Spain and Ferdinand VII recovers the Spanish crown
The XIII Year Assembly starts in Buenos Aires. It approves the Canción patriótica by Vicente López y Planes as the Argentine National Anthem
Patriots are defeated at the Battle of Vilcapugio and the Battle of Ayohuma

1814

January (exact date disputed): Yatasto relay in Salta. Manuel Belgrano hands the command of the Army of the North to José de San Martín.
Ferdinand VII returns to Spain. Absolutism is restored; the 1812 Constitution is repealed and the Cortes dissolved.
José Gervasio Artigas gives up the siege on Montevideo
The Second Triumvirate is replaced by the Supreme Director, the first one being Gervasio Antonio de Posadas
Posadas makes Artigas an outlaw because of the creation of the Liga Federal.
Martín Miguel de Güemes starts the "Guerra Gaucha"
Montevideo is defeated
Artigas recovers his titles and the Banda Oriental becomes autonomous
San Martin is appointed governor of the Cuyo Province
Posadas resigns

1815

Carlos María de Alvear is appointed Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. He is removed shortly after, and replaced by José Rondeau.
The Assembly of Year XIII ends its work.
Artigas creates the Liga de los Pueblos Libres

1816

March 10: A group of royalist scouts is captured during the Action of Juncalito.
Only the region of the Río de la Plata remains under patriotic control.
The prince Juan raises Brazil to a kingdom and keeps the expansionist policy towards the Rio de la Plata. Their forces invade the Banda Oriental, and Artigas organizes the resistance
The Congress of Tucumán starts working
- It declares the independence of the United Provinces
- It designates Juan Martín de Pueyrredón as Supreme Director
- The flag created by Manuel Belgrano is chosen to be the Flag of Argentina
- San Martín is appointed head of the Army of the Andes, and Belgrano head of the Army of the North
- July 9th, after years of battle on many different grounds the Congress of Tucumán formally declared the independence of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata from Spain.

1817

José de San Martín leads the Crossing of the Andes, defeats the Chilean royalists at the Battle of Chacabuco, and triumphantly enters Santiago, Chile
Brazil completes the invasion of the Banda Oriental
The Congress of Tucumán moves to Buenos Aires
Royalists leave Salta and Jujuy, under the pressure of Martín Miguel de Güemes
Juan Martín de Pueyrredón sends armies to defeat Artigas in the Litoral, but gets defeated by Francisco Ramírez

1820

José de San Martin leaves Chile with the navy, aiming to defeat the royalists at Peru

1822

The United States recognizes the independence of the former Spanish colonies
Bolívar and San Martin meet at Guayaquil
San Martin resigns from power in Peru and leaves Lima

Bibliography

Luna, Félix (2003). La independencia argentina y americana (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Planeta. ISBN 950-49-1110-2.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.