Timeline of Portuguese history (Second Republic)

Second Republic: Dictatorial Estado Novo

1926
  • May 27, The General Manuel de Oliveira Gomes da Costa arrives at Braga with the purpose of initiating a Coup d'état.
  • The Republican Government and Prime Minister António Maria da Silva, knowing of the forthcoming coup, try to organize resistance believing the uprising can be defeated.
  • May 28, A Military coup d'état (henceforth known as the 28th May 1926 coup d'état) begins in Braga led by Gomes da Costa. Believing to have failed, Gomes da Costa announces his surrender.
  • May 29
    • The Portuguese Communist Party interrupts its 2nd Congress due to the political and military situation.
    • The Confederação Geral do Trabalho (national trade union center) declares its neutrality in the military confrontations.
    • The Military Coup spreads to the rest of the country, by influence of Mendes Cabeçadas, Sinel de Cordes and Óscar Carmona, and establishes the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) against the democratic but unstable 1st Republic.
    • The Government of Prime Minister António Maria da Silva resigns.
  • May 30
    • The General Gomes da Costa is acclaimed in Porto.
    • The President of the Republic, Bernardino Machado, resigns.
    • José Mendes Cabeçadas Júnior becomes Prime Minister and President of the Republic.
  • June 3, António de Oliveira Salazar becomes Minister of Finance, he resigns 16 days after nomination.
  • June 3, The Congress of the Republic of Portugal (National Assembly) is dissolved by dictatorial decree.
  • All heads of Municipalities are substituted.
  • The Carbonária (the Portuguese section of the Carbonari) is banned.
  • All Political parties are banned.
  • June 17, General Gomes da Costa provokes a military coup.
  • June 19, General Gomes da Costa becomes Prime Minister.
  • June 22, Censorship is instituted.
  • June 29, General Gomes da Costa becomes President of the Republic.
  • July 9
    • General Gomes da Costa is obliged to step down and goes into exile.
    • General António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona, of the conservative military wing, becomes Prime Minister.
  • September 15 - Failed military coup.
  • September 18 - Failed military coup.
  • November 29 - General António Óscar Carmona becomes President of the Republic.
  • December 16, The Police of Information of Lisbon, a Political Police, is created.

1927
  • February, Failed Republican revolucionary attempt against the Ditadura Nacional in Porto and Lisbon.
  • March 26, The Police of Information of Porto, a Political Police, is created.
  • May 17, Minimum School years are reduced from the 6th to the 4th grade; in all levels of non-university schooling students are divided by sex.
  • The Confederação Geral do Trabalho (national trade union center) is dissolved.
  • August - Failed right wing military coup.
  • December 1 - Students demonstrate in Lisbon against the Ditadura Nacional.

1928
  • February, The Comissão de Propaganda da Ditadura (Commission for the Propaganda of the Dictatorship) is created.
  • March 17, The Police of Information of Porto and Lisbon are fused.
  • April 18, General José Vicente de Freitas becomes Prime Minister.
  • April 26, António de Oliveira Salazar becomes Minister of Finance for the 2nd time.
  • General António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona remains President of the Republic.
  • Acordo Missionário (Missionary Agreement) between the Catholic Church and the Portuguese Republic, giving special status to the action of the Catholic Church in Portugal's colonies.
  • Failed Republican revolucionary attempt against the Ditadura Nacional.
  • The Portuguese Communist Party's Main Office is closed.

1929

1930

1932

1933
  • A new Constitution is approved in a false referendum, defining Portugal as a Corporative, Single Party and Multi-continental country (in Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania).
  • A fascist-leaning right-wing Dictatorial regime entitled Estado Novo is installed.
  • The Single Party União Nacional (National Union) is created.
  • The Estatuto do Trabalho Nacional (Code of National Labour) is published, prohibiting all free trade unions.
  • A Political Police, the PVDE (Polícia de Vigilância e de Defesa do Estado; State Defense and Vigilance Police) is created.
  • Censorship, particularly of the Mass media, is systematic and generalized.

1935

1936

1937

1939

1942

1945
  • The Political Police PVDE is reorganized and renamed PIDE (Polícia Internacional de Defesa do Estado; International Police for the Defense of the State).
  • October 8, The MUD (Movimento de Unidade Democrática - Movement of Democratic Unity) is created with official permission.

1948
  • January, The MUD is banished.

1949
  • April 4, Portugal is a founding member of NATO.
  • The President António Óscar Carmona meets with Spanish dictator Francisco Franco.
  • Spanish dictator Francisco Franco receives a Doctorate honoris causa by the University of Coimbra.
  • In the (forged) Presidential elections, General Norton de Matos, backed by the oppositionist illegal organization MUD tries and fail to win the Presidency of the Republic.

1951
  • António de Oliveira Salazar becomes Provisional President of the Republic due to the death of President António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona.
  • Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes becomes President of the Republic.
  • The Portuguese government overhauls the entire colonial system in an attempt to curb criticism on Portuguese Colonialism, all Portugal's colonies were renamed Portuguese Overseas Provinces.

1954

1956
  • Amílcar Cabral founds the PAIGC (Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde, African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde).
  • December, The MPLA, Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), is founded by Agostinho Neto.

1957

1958
  • Américo Thomaz becomes President of the Republic.

1959
  • Pijiguiti Massacre - Portuguese soldiers open fire on protesting dockworkers in Bissau (Portuguese Guinea), killing 50.

1960

1961
  • February 4, The Portuguese Colonial War starts in Angola with the attacks to the Prison, Police headquarters and Radio central in Luanda.
  • March 15, Attacks in northern Angola by the UPA (União do Povo Angolano; Union of the Angolan People), against Portuguese colonists and African populations, provoking hundreds of deaths.
  • The Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar takes on himself the office of Minister of National Defense and reorganizes the Government to face the war in Africa.
  • December 12, the Indian army conquers Portuguese Goa.
  • December 19, the Indian army conquers Portuguese Daman and Diu.

1962
  • June 25, The FRELIMO - Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (Mozambican Liberation Front) is founded in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania).
  • The PAIGC Guerrilla warfare against the Portuguese begins with an abortive attack on Praia.
  • March 24 - The Academic Crisis of '62 culminates in a huge student demonstration in Lisbon brutally repressed by the shock police, which caused hundreds of students to be seriously injured.

1963
  • The FLEC (Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda; Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda) is founded.
  • January, Amílcar Cabral and PAIGC declare full-scale war against the Portuguese in Guinea.

1964
  • The FRELIMO controls most of Northern Mozambique.
  • February, The first Party Congress of the PAIGC takes place at liberated Cassaca, in which both the political and military arms of the PAIGC were assessed and reorganised, with a regular army (The People's Army) to supplement the guerilla forces (The People's Guerillas).

1965
  • 6th Congress of the Portuguese Communist Party, one of the most important congresses in the Party's history, after Álvaro Cunhal released the report The Path to Victory – The tasks of the Party in the National and Democratic Revolution, which became an important document in the anti-fascist struggle.

1966
  • August 6, The Salazar Bridge is inaugurated in Lisbon above the Tagus river. It is the longest suspension bridge in Europe and a replica (made by the same engineers) of the Golden Gate bridge in San Francisco.
  • The UNITA - União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (National Union for Total Independence of Angola) is founded by Jonas Savimbi.

1967
  • By this time the PAIGC had carried out 147 attacks on Portuguese barracks and army encampments, and effectively controlled 2/3 of Portuguese Guinea.

1968

1969
  • The Single Party União Nacional is renamed Acção Nacional Popular (National Popular Action).
  • The Political Police PIDE is renamed DGS (Direcção Geral de Segurança, Directorate-General of Security).
  • Beginning of the Primavera Marcelista (Marcelist Springtime), a timid and failed opening of the regime.

1970
  • July 27, Death of António de Oliveira Salazar.
  • Portugal invades Conakry, in the Republic of Guinea, 400 amphibious troops attacked the city and freed hundreds of Portuguese Prisoners of war kept there by the PAIGC.

1973

1974

See also
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