Timeline of Cluj-Napoca

The following detailed sequence of events covers the timeline of Cluj-Napoca, a city in Transylvania, Romania.

Timeline of Cluj-Napoca
Roman Napoca on Tabula Peutingeriana
Ruins of Napoca
City coat of arms (starting 1377)
Cluj in 1617 by Joris Hoefnagel
Cluj Bridge Gate in 1860
Central Cluj in 1930
St. Michael's Church and Matthias Corvinus Monument in 2012
Cluj Arena in 2012

Cluj-Napoca (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈkluʒ naˈpoka] (listen), German: Klausenburg; Hungarian: Kolozsvár, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈkoloʒvaːr] (listen); Medieval Latin: Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis; and Yiddish: קלויזנבורג‎, Kloiznburg), commonly known as Cluj, is located in the Someșul Mic River valley, roughly equidistant from Bucharest (324 kilometres (201 miles)), Budapest (351 km (218 mi)) and Belgrade (322 km (200 mi)). Throughout its long history, the area around Cluj-Napoca was part of many empires and kingdoms, including the Roman Empire (as part of the Dacia province and later a sub-division of Dacia Porolissensis), Gepidia, Avaria, the Hungarian Kingdom, the Habsburg Monarchy, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Romania. From 1790–1848 and 1861–1867, it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania.

In modern times, the city holds the status of municipiu, is the seat of Cluj County in the north-western part of Romania, and continues to be considered the unofficial capital of the historical province of Transylvania. Cluj continues to be one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the country's largest university, Babeș-Bolyai University, with its famous botanical garden. The current boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 179.52 square kilometres (69.31 sq mi). The Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 411,379 people, while the population of the peri-urban area (Romanian: zona periurbană) exceeds 420,000 residents, making it one of the most populous cities in Romania.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

2nd century
Napoca in Roman Dacia
Text of Roman milliarium from 108, describing the construction of the road from Potaissa to Napoca, by request of the Emperor Trajan. It indicates the distance of ten thousand feet (P.M.X.) to Potaissa. The complete inscription is: "Imp[erator]/ Caesar Nerva/ Traianus Aug[ustus]/ Germ[anicus] Dacicus/ pontif[ex] maxim[us]/ [sic] pot[estate] XII co[n]s[ul] V/ imp[erator] VI p[ater] p[atriae] fecit/ per coh[ortem] I Fl[aviam] Vlp[iam]/ Hisp[anam] mil[liariam] c[ivium] R[omanorum] eq[uitatam]/ a Potaissa Napo/cam / m[ilia] p[assuum] X".
  • 101 - After gaining support from the Roman Senate, emperor Trajan leads the Roman legions across the Danube into Dacia, starting the First Dacian War.[1]
  • 102 - Hostilities between Roman Empire and Dacian Kingdom cease and the two parties reach a peace agreement.[2]
  • 105 - Trajan starts the second Dacian campaign with aim of expansion and conquest.[1]
  • 105-106 - During the second campaign, the Romans build Castra of Napoca.[3]
  • 106 - 11 August
  • 107
    • After a directive from Trajan, Cohors I Hispanorum miliaria[6] begins the work to connect Napoca with Potaissa (as part of via Traiana Pataesina)[7], along the pre-existing salt road.[8]
    • June: Trajan returns to Rome after the successful Dacian campaign, starting a series of celebrations.[9]
  • 108
    • Napoca is mentioned as a vicus, an ad hoc provincial civilian settlement, which sprang up close to the military castra.[10]
    • The work to the Roman road connecting Napoca to Potaissa finishes[8], increasing significantly the importance of Napoca
    • The town becomes the end of the central spine from which all of the Roman forts in Northwest Dacia can be reached.[11]
  • c.108-124
    • A bridge is constructed across Samus River.[12]
    • A brooch workshop is built using timber.[13]
    • Town starts to extend to the south, and the surveyors begin to lay out the main streets: decumanus maximus (east-west) and the cardo (north-south).[8]
  • 117
  • 118 - After the battles with Roxolani and the Iazyges where Hadrian himself participates, the provinces of Moesia and Dacia are reorganized, Trajan's original province of Dacia being relabelled Dacia Superior.[14]
  • 124
    • Emperor Hadrian visits Napoca in Dacia[3], grants the title and rank of municipium[15] (as municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napocenses[16]) and attaches it to his tribe, the Sergia.[17]
    • Province of Dacia is reorganized, and an additional province called Dacia Porolissensis is created in the northern portion of Dacia Superior[18][14]
    • Napoca becomes the location of the military high command in Dacia Porolissensis[19] and its capital.[20]
    • Livius Gratus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
  • 131 - Flavius Italicus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.[21]
  • 138 - 11 July: Antoninus Pius becomes emperor at Hadrian's death.
  • 151 - Marcus Macrinius Vindex becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.[21]
  • 157 - Tiberius Clodius Quintianus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.[21]
  • 161 - 8 March: Marcus Aurelius succeeds Antoninus Pius as Emperor.
  • 161-162 - Volu[---] becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.[21]
  • 164 - Lucius Sempronius Ingenuus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.[21]
  • 166
    • Pressures building along the Danube frontier force Marcus Aurelius to set up an overarching province, Tres Daciae (Three Dacias), which fuses the three Dacia provinces into one and is commanded by a consular legate.
    • The three provinces, including Dacia Porolissesnsis, still remain as separate entities, each one governed by a praesidial procurator, who then reports to the proconsular governor.
    • Sextus Calpurnius Agricola becomes the first Legatus Augusti pro praetore (consular legate) of the Tres Daciae.
  • 168 - Marcus Claudius Fronto becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[21]
  • 170 - Sextus Cornelius Clemens becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[21]
  • 173 - Lucius Aemilius Carus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[21]
  • 176 - Gaius Arrius Antoninus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[21]
  • 177
    • Marcus Aurelius bestows the title of Augustus on his son, Commodus, giving him the same status as his own and formally starting to share power.
    • Publius Helvius Pertinax becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[21]
  • c.178–179 - Marcus Valerius Maximianus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.[22]
  • 180
  • c.180 - the city gaines the status of a colonia as Colonia Aurelia Napoca.[17][24]
  • c.180–190 - Gaius Valerius Catulinus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.[22]
  • c.180-192
    • Eocene limestone is extracted from the stone quarries around Hoia Hill to the west of the town[25] on a large scale.[26]
    • The city wall around the precinct is constructed using large blocks of limestone in opus quadratum, covering a surface of around 25 hectares.[13]
    • A brooch workshop is built using stone.[13]
  • 182 - Lucius Vespronius Candidus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[21]
  • 185
    • Dacian revolt in the province, Free Dacians living outside the borders also defeated.[27]
    • Commodus' legates devastate a territory some 8 km (5 mi) deep along the north of the Castrum Gilău (near Napoca) to establish a buffer in the hope of preventing further barbarian incursions.[28]
  • c.185 - Gaius Pescennius Niger becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • c.190 - G. C(...) Hasta becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 191 - Aelius Constans becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.[22]
  • 192 - 31 December: Emperor Commodus is assassinated.
  • 193 - 14 April: Septimius Severus' legion, XIV Gemina, proclaims him Emperor.
  • c.193-211: The villa rustica from Apahida (near Napoca) is in use.[29]
  • c.193 - Quintus Aurelius Polus Terentianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 195 - Publius Septimius Geta becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • c.197 - Pollienus Auspex becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 198 - Caracalla is appointed by his father, Septimius Severus, as joint Augustus and full Emperor.
  • c.198–209 - Publius Aelius Sempronius Lycinus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.[22]
  • c.198–209 - Gaius Publicius Antonius Probus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.[22]
  • 200 - Lucius Octavius Julianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • c.200 - Marcus Cocceius Genialis becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.[22]

3rd century
Napoca in the Roman Dacia fragment of the 1st–4th century AD Tabula Peutingeriana (upper center)
Ruined buildings with hypocaust from the Roman Napoca
  • c.200-230 - Marcus Veracilius Verus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • 204 - Lucius Pomponius Liberalis becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 205 - Mevius Surus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 206 - Claudius Gallus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 208 - Gaius Julius Maximinus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 211 - 4 February: Caracalla and his brother Geta reign together after their father's death.
  • c.211-217 - The road from Napoca to Porolissum is repaired.[31]
  • 212 - Lucius Marius Perpetuus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 215 - Gaius Julius Septimius Castinus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • 217 - Marcus Claudius Agrippa becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • c.217 - Ulpius Victor becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.[22]
  • 222 - 11 March: Severus Alexander becomes Emperor.
  • c.222 - Iasdius Domitianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • 235 - 20 March 235: Maximinus Thrax succeeds to the rule of Roman Empire, after Severus Alexander is assassinated.
  • c.235-238 - Quintus Julius Licinianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • c.235-238 - Marcus Cuspidius Flaminius Severus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • c.235-238 - Decimus Simonius Proculus Julianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • 236-238 - Maximinus Thrax campaigns in Dacia against the Carpi.[32]
  • c.238 - Decimus Simonius Proculus Julianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • 242-247 - Carpi are attacking Dacia and Moesia Inferior.[33]
  • 248-250 - Dacia is attacked by the Germanic tribes of the Goths, Taifals and Bastarns together with the Carpi.[34]
  • 253
  • 257 - Gallienus claims the title Dacicus Maximus after repeated victories over the Carpi and associated Dacian tribes.[36]
  • 258 - Dacia is attacked by Carpi and Goths.[34]
  • 258-260 - A percentage of the cohorts from the V Macedonica and XIII Gemina legions are transferred from Dacia to Pannonia.[37]
  • 260 - Monetary circulation[35] and raising of inscribed monuments[38] have a dramatic drop in Dacia.
  • c.260 - Repairs of the castra fortifications are conducted on the northern border of Dacia Porolissensis.[35]
  • 263 - Dacia is attacked by Carpi and Goths.[34]
  • 267 - Dacia is attacked by Goths and Herules.[34]
  • 269 - Dacia is attacked by Goths and Herules.[34]
  • 270 - September: Aurelian becomes Roman Emperor.
  • 271-275 - Aurelian evacuates the Roman troops and civilian administration from Dacia, and establishes Dacia Aureliana with its capital at Serdica in Lower Moesia.[33][39]
  • c.291
  • 291-300 - Thervingi continue migrating into north-eastern Dacia but are opposed by the Carpi and the non-Romanized Dacians.[43]
  • c.295 - Goths defeat the Carpi, pushing them southward.[44]

4th century
  • 295-320s - After a peace treaty with the Romans, Goths proceed to settle down in parts of Roman Dacia (starting to be called Gothia), dividing some of the land with the Taifals[45], and co-existing with the remaining semi-Romanized population.[43]
  • c.300-350 - Ruralization of the urban life in Dacia.[46]
  • c.350 - Sântana de Mureş-Černjachov culture/Goths enter intra-Carpathian Transylvania.[47]
  • 376 - Huns arrive, attacking the Thervingi[48] and leading to a collapse of the Gothic dominance in the area.[49]

5th century
Gepid Thesaurus from Apahida
  • c.401-420 - Gepidic center on the plains north-west of the Meseş Mountains.[50][51]
  • 420s - Huns impose their authority over the Gepids[51], but the latter remain united under the rule of their kings.[52]
  • c.440 - Ardaric, favored by the Hunic king, becomes the leader of the Gepids.[52]
  • c.435–453 - Huns fight the Alans, Vandals, and Quadi, forcing them toward the Roman Empire and making Pannonia their center.[53]
  • 453 - Attila, King of the Huns dies and the Hunnic Empire starts to disintegrate.
  • c.454
  • c.475-500

6th century
  • c.501-568
    • More Gepid power centers appear in Transylvania.[33]
    • New settlements appear along the Someş, Mureş, and Târnava rivers, reflecting a period of tranquillity in Gepidia.[58]
    • A "circle" of Gepid settlements develops around Napoca.[59]
    • Gepids start to adopt Arian Christianity through their connection with the Goths.[60]
    • Farming is the primary activity, but looms, combs, and other items are produced in local workshops.[58]
    • Gepidia is trading with faraway regions such as Crimea, Mazovia or Scandinavia.[61]
  • 568 - The Avar invasion ends the independent Gepidia.[62]
  • c.568 - Carpathian Basin is incorporated in the Avar Khaganate established by khagan Bayan I.
  • c.599-600 - Gepids under assimilation but settlements still exist within Avaria.[63][64]

7th century
Avars, Slavs and Bulgars in the areas around Transylvania
  • c.600-800 - Avars bring with them and allow Slavs to settle inside Transylvania.

8th century
  • c. 700-800 - Center and northern Transylvania under Moravian influence.[33]
  • 791–795 - Plunder of the Avar state by the Franks of Charlemagne.[65]
  • 794 - Avars, in small numbers, and mixed with Slavs, still inhabit parts of Transylvania.[65]
  • 796 - Avar Khaganate suffers a crippling blow by the Franks.[65]

9th century

10th century
The Hungarians' arrival in the Carpathian Basin depicted in the Illuminated Chronicle

11th century

12th century
  • 1199 - Legforus becomes Voivode of Transylvania.

13th century
Mongol invasion of the Hungarian Kingdom depicted in Johannes de Thurocz's Chronica Hungarorum

14th century
Seal of Cluj granted in 1377 by King Louis I of Hungary, with the inscription S[igilium] CIVIVM de CLVS WAR
  • 1316
  • 1332 - The first appearance of the Hungarian form Koloswar, as it underwent various phonetic changes over the years.[92]
  • 1348 - First usage of the Transylvanian Saxon name of Clusenburg/Clusenbvrg appeared.[92]
  • 1349 - A document signed by the archbishop of Avignon and fifteen other bishops grants the indulgence for those contributing to the illumination and furniture of the St. Michael's Church.
  • 1377 - King Louis I of Hungary grants to Cluj the coat of arms and seal, consisting of three towers, a city wall with a gate in silver on a blue background.
  • 1390
    • The altar of St. Michael's Church is inaugurated[94] and the church starts to be used as the new parochial church of Kolozs.[85]
    • The original church from the Old Town is given to friars of the Dominican Order.[85]

15th century
Interior of St. Michael's Church
  • 1405 - Through the privileges granted by Sigismund of Luxembourg, Cluj becomes a royal free city, is opting out from the jurisdiction of voivodes, vice-voivodes and royal judges, and obtains the right to elect a twelve-member jury every year.[95]
  • 1408 - First mention of the Transylvanian Saxon form Clausenburg.[92]
  • 1432 - St. Michael's Church is completed.[89]
  • 1442 - Dominican friars begin the construction of their monastery and to rebuild the old church in Gothic style.[85]
  • 1443 - 23 February: Matthias Corvinus is born in Cluj.
  • 1445 - John Hunyadi starts supporting the construction efforts of the Dominican friars, offering a guaranteed income of 50 cubes of salt from the salt mine of Szék.[85]
  • 1464 - 29 April: Matthias Corvinus becomes King of Hungary.
  • 1481 - First record of the presence of Jews living in Cluj.[96]

16th century

17th century
1617 engraving of Kolozsvár/Klausenburg by Joris Hoefnagel & son

18th century
  • 1715 - Construction of the Citadel begins.[89]
  • 1785
  • 1790 - City becomes capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania.
  • 1792 - Hungarian Theatre founded.
  • 1798 - Large parts of the city destroyed by fire.[89]

19th century
The Kolozsvár/Klausenburg Bridge Gate in 1860
Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvár/Klausenburg, c. 1900

20th century
Inauguration of the Matthias Corvinus Monument in 1902
Romanian troops (Regiment 16 Dorobanți "Fălticeni") marching in Cluj, 1918
U Cluj football team on 27 October 1923
Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral in 1940

21st century
  • 2001 - Peace Action, Training and Research Institute of Romania (PATRIR) founded.[120]
  • 2004 - Emil Boc becomes mayor.
  • 2008
  • 2009 - July 16: Construction of the new stadium, Cluj Arena, begins on the site of demolished Ion Moina Stadium.
  • 2011
  • 2012 - Emil Boc becomes mayor again.
  • 2015 - Holds the title of European Youth Capital.
  • 2016 - Emil Boc becomes mayor yet again.
  • 2018 - Holds the title of European City of Sport.

See also
Part of a series on the
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References
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  3. MacKendrick 2000, p. 218.
  4. Georgescu 1991, p. 5.
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  6. Lukács 2005, p. 15.
  7. Bennett 2005, p. 169.
  8. Wanner 2010, p. 85.
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  10. Wanner 2010, p. 108.
  11. Wanner 2010, p. 86.
  12. Wanner 2010, p. 109.
  13. Wanner 2010, p. 110.
  14. Oltean 2007, p. 55.
  15. Bennett 1997, p. 170.
  16. CIL, III,14465.
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  20. Lukács 2005, p. 16.
  21. Petolescu 2014, p. 173.
  22. Petolescu 2014, p. 177.
  23. Petolescu 2014, p. 174.
  24. CIL, III,963=7726.
  25. Wanner 2010, p. 280.
  26. Wanner 2010, p. 278.
  27. Köpeczi 2001, p. 89.
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  29. MacKendrick 2000, p. 112.
  30. Petolescu 2014, p. 175.
  31. Fodorean 2006, p. 70.
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  78. Lukács 2005, p. 29.
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  90. clujnet 2004.
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  92. szabadsag 2003.
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  94. ghidvideoturistic 2013.
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  96. BeitHatfutsot 2013.
  97. Lukács 2005, p. 49.
  98. Csontosi 1882, p. 135.
  99. Brubaker 2006, p. 90.
  100. Levack 2013, p. II.
  101. HandbuchÖsterreich 1856, p. 59.
  102. Csontosi 1882, p. 138.
  103. Davidson 2014, p. 401.
  104. Flóra 2012.
  105. Ripley 1879.
  106. Brubaker 2006, p. 92.
  107. Magocsi 2002.
  108. Brubaker 2006, p. 93.
  109. Chambers 1901.
  110. Brubaker 2006, p. 134.
  111. Brubaker 2006, p. 97.
  112. Seltzer 1952, p. 421.
  113. Brubaker 2006, p. 100.
  114. OsloCatholicDiocese 2007.
  115. Brubaker 2006, p. 142.
  116. YIVO 2010.
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  120. ETHZ 2018.

Sources

Primary sources
  • Anonymus, Notary of King Béla (c. 1200). Gesta Hungarorum [The Deeds of the Hungarians] (in Medieval Latin).CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Secondary sources

Tertiary sources
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

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