Thorianite

Thorianite
	Group of interpenetrating twinned thorianite crystals from Ambatofotsy, Madagascar (size: 1.6 x 1.4 x 1.3 cm)
General
Category	Oxide mineral
Formula; (repeating unit)	Thorium oxide, ThO2
Strunz classification	4.DL.05
Crystal system	Isometric
Crystal class	Hexoctahedral (m3m) ; H-M symbol: (4/m 3 2/m)
Space group	Fm3m
Unit cell	a = 5.595 Å; Z = 4
Identification
Color	Dark gray, brown-black
Crystal habit	Cubic crystals, usually rounded to some degree in detrital deposits
Twinning	Penetration twins on {111} common
Cleavage	Poor/Indistinct
Fracture	Irregular to uneven, sub-conchoidal
Mohs scale hardness	6.5 – 7
Luster	Resinous, sub-metallic
Streak	Grey, grey green to black
Diaphaneity	Opaque, translucent on thin edges
Specific gravity	9.7
Optical properties	Isotropic
Refractive index	n = 2.20 – 2.35
Other characteristics	Radioactive
References	[1][2][3]

Thorianite is a rare thorium oxide mineral, ThO₂.[4] It was originally described by Ananda Coomaraswamy in 1904 as uraninite,[5] but recognized as a new species by Wyndham R. Dunstan.[6] It was so named on account of its high percentage of thorium; it also contains the oxides of uranium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium and neodymium. Helium is present, and the mineral is slightly less radioactive than pitchblende, but is harder to shield due to its high energy gamma rays. It is common in the alluvial gem-gravels of Sri Lanka, where it occurs mostly as water worn, small, heavy, black, cubic crystals. The largest crystals are usually near 1.5 cm. Larger crystals, up to 6 cm (2.4 in), have been reported from Madagascar.

Chemistry

Based on color, specific gravity and composition three types of thorianite are distinguished:[7]

α-thorianite
β-thorianite
γ-thorianite

Thorianite and uraninite form a complete solid solution series in synthetic and natural material.[8] The division between the two species is at Th:U = 1:1 with U possibly making up to 46.50% and Th ranging up to 87.9%.[9] Rare earths, chiefly Ce, substitute for Th in amounts up to 8% by weight.[8][10] Ce is probably present as Ce⁴⁺. Complete series is known in synthetic material between CeO₂ - PrO₂ - ThO₂ - UO₂. Small amounts of Fe³⁺ and Zr also may be isomorphous with Th. Pb present is probably radiogenic.

Varieties

Aldanite – a variety of thorianite containing 14.9% to 29.0% UO₂ and 11.2% to 12.5% PbO.[11]
Uranothorianite[12]
Thorianite Cerian[13][14]
Thorianite La bearing[13]

Occurrence

Usually found in alluvial deposits, beach sands heavy mineral placers and pegmatites.

Sri Lanka – In stream gravels, Galle district, Southern Province; Balangoda district; near Kodrugala, Sabaragamuwa Province; and from a pegmatite in Bambarabotuwa area.
India – Reported from beach sands of Travancore (Kerala).[15]
Madagascar – Found in alluvial deposits of Betroka and Andolobe.[16] Also as very large crystals from Tôlanaro (Fort Dauphin); at Andranondambo and other localities.
Russia – In black sands of a gold placer on Boshogoch River, Transbaikalia, Siberia; in the Kovdor Massif by Kovdor, Kola Peninsula; in the Yenisei Range, Siberia.
United States – reported from Easton, Pennsylvania; black sands in Missouri River, near Helena, Montana; Scott River, Siskiyou County, California;[17] black sands in Nixon Fork and Wiseman districts, Alaska.[18][19]
Canada – Reported with uraninite in a pegmatite on Charlebois Lake, east of Lake Athabasca;[20] Uranon variety reported from pegmatite and metesomatized zones in crystalline limestones from many locations in Quebec and Ontario.[21]
South Africa – Occurs with baddeleyite as an accessory in carbonatite at Phalaborwa, Eastern Transvaal.[22]
Democratic Republic of Congo - Kasaï region[23]

References

Handbook of Mineralogy
Mindat.org
Webmineral data
Frondel, C. (1958). Systematic Mineralogy of Uranium and Thorium. United States Government Printing Office.
Coomaraswamy, A.K. (1904). "Uraninite". Spolia Zeylanica. Pt. 6 (2): 57.
Dunstan, Wyndham R. (1904-03-31). "The occurrence of Thorium in Ceylon". Nature. 69 (1796): 510–511. Bibcode:1904Natur..69..510D. doi:10.1038/069510d0.
Kobayashi, M. (1912). "On the composition of thorianite". Tohoku Imp. Univ. Sci. Repts. 1 (Ist Ser): 201–206.
Palache, C.; H. Berman; C. Frondel (1944). Dana's System of Mineralogy, Volume 1. John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp. 620–622.
Heinrich, E. W. (1958). Mineralogy and Geology of Radioactive Raw Materials. McGraw-Hill.
Graham, A. R. (1955). "CERIANITE CeO₂: A NEW RARE-EARTH OXIDE MINERAL". Am. Mineral. 40.
Bespalov, M.M. (1941). "On discovery of a new mineral of the thorianite group [in Russian]". Sovietskaya Geologiya. II (6): 105–107.
"Uranothorianite mineral information and data". Retrieved 2007-06-28.
"Minerals with crystal structure determined". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
"ICSD for WWW : Details (Thorianite Cerian)". Retrieved 2007-06-27.
Viswanathan, P. (1953). "Thorianite in Travancore". Mineral. Mag. 88: 282.
Lacroix, A. (1923). Minéralogie de Madagascar. Augustin Challamel, éditeur, Librairie maritime et coloniale.
George, D'Arcy (1949). "Mineralogy of Uranium and Thorium Bearing Minerals". USAEC Technical Information Service, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. RMO-563: 198.
White, M. G. (1952). Radioactivity of Selected Rocks and Placer Concentrates from Northeastern Alaska. GS-C-195, Geological Survey.
White, M. G.; J. M. Stevens (1953). "Reconnaissance For Radioactive Deposits In The Ruby-Poorman District, Ruby Quadrangle, Central Alaska,1949". TEI-192, Geological Survey. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Lang, A. H.; J. W. Griffith; H. R. Steacy (1962). Canadian Deposits of Uranium and Thorium. Geological Survey of Canada.
Robinson, S. C.; A. P. Sabina (1955). "Uraninite And Thorianite From Ontario And Quebec". Am. Mineral. 40.
Hiemstra, S. A. (1955). "Baddeleyite from Phalaborwa, Eastern Transvaal". American Mineralogist. 40: 275–282.
Ledoux, A. "Les roches cristallines du Kasai". Soc. Geol. Belgique Annales. 40: C177.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Thorianite". Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 878.

External links

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[HBM-1] Handbook of Mineralogy

[Mindat-2] Mindat.org

[Webmin-3] Webmineral data

[4] Frondel, C. (1958). Systematic Mineralogy of Uranium and Thorium. United States Government Printing Office.

[5] Coomaraswamy, A.K. (1904). "Uraninite". Spolia Zeylanica. Pt. 6 (2): 57.

[6] Dunstan, Wyndham R. (1904-03-31). "The occurrence of Thorium in Ceylon". Nature. 69 (1796): 510–511. Bibcode:1904Natur..69..510D. doi:10.1038/069510d0.

[7] Kobayashi, M. (1912). "On the composition of thorianite". Tohoku Imp. Univ. Sci. Repts. 1 (Ist Ser): 201–206.

[Dana-8] Palache, C.; H. Berman; C. Frondel (1944). Dana's System of Mineralogy, Volume 1. John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp. 620–622.

[9] Heinrich, E. W. (1958). Mineralogy and Geology of Radioactive Raw Materials. McGraw-Hill.

[10] Graham, A. R. (1955). "CERIANITE CeO₂: A NEW RARE-EARTH OXIDE MINERAL". Am. Mineral. 40.

[11] Bespalov, M.M. (1941). "On discovery of a new mineral of the thorianite group [in Russian]". Sovietskaya Geologiya. II (6): 105–107.

[12] "Uranothorianite mineral information and data". Retrieved 2007-06-28.

[var-13] "Minerals with crystal structure determined". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-06-27.

[14] "ICSD for WWW : Details (Thorianite Cerian)". Retrieved 2007-06-27.

[15] Viswanathan, P. (1953). "Thorianite in Travancore". Mineral. Mag. 88: 282.

[16] Lacroix, A. (1923). Minéralogie de Madagascar. Augustin Challamel, éditeur, Librairie maritime et coloniale.

[17] George, D'Arcy (1949). "Mineralogy of Uranium and Thorium Bearing Minerals". USAEC Technical Information Service, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. RMO-563: 198.

[18] White, M. G. (1952). Radioactivity of Selected Rocks and Placer Concentrates from Northeastern Alaska. GS-C-195, Geological Survey.

[19] White, M. G.; J. M. Stevens (1953). "Reconnaissance For Radioactive Deposits In The Ruby-Poorman District, Ruby Quadrangle, Central Alaska,1949". TEI-192, Geological Survey. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[20] Lang, A. H.; J. W. Griffith; H. R. Steacy (1962). Canadian Deposits of Uranium and Thorium. Geological Survey of Canada.

[21] Robinson, S. C.; A. P. Sabina (1955). "Uraninite And Thorianite From Ontario And Quebec". Am. Mineral. 40.

[22] Hiemstra, S. A. (1955). "Baddeleyite from Phalaborwa, Eastern Transvaal". American Mineralogist. 40: 275–282.

[23] Ledoux, A. "Les roches cristallines du Kasai". Soc. Geol. Belgique Annales. 40: C177.