Thomson problem

The physical system embodied by the Thomson problem is a special case of one of eighteen unsolved mathematics problems proposed by the mathematician Steve Smale — "Distribution of points on the 2-sphere".[2] The solution of each N-electron problem is obtained when the N-electron configuration constrained to the surface of a sphere of unit radius, ${\displaystyle r=1}$, yields a global electrostatic potential energy minimum, ${\displaystyle U(N)}$.

The electrostatic interaction energy occurring between each pair of electrons of equal charges (${\displaystyle e_{i}=e_{j}=e}$, with ${\displaystyle e}$ the elementary charge of an electron) is given by Coulomb's Law,

${\displaystyle U_{ij}(N)=k_{e}{e_{i}e_{j} \over r_{ij}}.}$

Here, ${\displaystyle k_{e}}$ is Coulomb's constant and ${\displaystyle r_{ij}=|\mathbf {r} _{i}-\mathbf {r} _{j}|}$ is the distance between each pair of electrons located at points on the sphere defined by vectors ${\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{i}}$ and ${\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{j}}$, respectively.

Simplified units of ${\displaystyle e=1}$ and ${\displaystyle k_{e}=1}$ are used without loss of generality. Then,

${\displaystyle U_{ij}(N)={1 \over r_{ij}}.}$

The total electrostatic potential energy of each N-electron configuration may then be expressed as the sum of all pair-wise interactions

${\displaystyle U(N)=\sum _{i<j}{\frac {1}{r_{ij}}}.}$

The global minimization of ${\displaystyle U(N)}$ over all possible collections of N distinct points is typically found by numerical minimization algorithms.

Schematic geometric solutions of the mathematical Thomson Problem for up to N = 5 electrons.

Minimum energy configurations have been rigorously identified in only a handful of cases.

• For N = 1, the solution is trivial as the electron may reside at any point on the surface of the unit sphere. The total energy of the configuration is defined as zero as the electron is not subject to the electric field due to any other sources of charge.
• For N = 2, the optimal configuration consists of electrons at antipodal points.
• For N = 3, electrons reside at the vertices of an equilateral triangle about a great circle.[3]
• For N = 4, electrons reside at the vertices of a regular tetrahedron.
• For N = 5, a mathematically rigorous computer-aided solution was reported in 2010 with electrons residing at vertices of a triangular dipyramid.[4]
• For N = 6, electrons reside at vertices of a regular octahedron.[5]
• For N = 12, electrons reside at the vertices of a regular icosahedron.[6]

Notably, the geometric solutions of the Thomson problem for N = 4, 6, and 12 electrons are known as Platonic solids whose faces are all congruent equilateral triangles. Numerical solutions for N = 8 and 20 are not the regular convex polyhedral configurations of the remaining two Platonic solids, whose faces are square and pentagonal, respectively.

One can also ask for ground states of particles interacting with arbitrary potentials. To be mathematically precise, let f be a decreasing real-valued function, and define the energy functional ${\displaystyle \sum _{i<j}f(|x_{i}-x_{j}|)}$

Traditionally, one considers ${\displaystyle f(x)=x^{-\alpha }}$ also known as Riesz ${\displaystyle \alpha }$-kernels. For integrable Riesz kernels see;[7] for non-integrable Riesz kernels, the Poppy-seed bagel theorem holds, see.[8] Notable cases include α = ∞, the Tammes problem (packing); α = 1, the Thomson problem; α = 0, Whyte's problem (to maximize the product of distances).

One may also consider configurations of N points on a sphere of higher dimension. See spherical design.

The Thomson problem is a natural consequence of Thomson's plum pudding model in the absence of its uniform positive background charge.[9]

Though experimental evidence led to the abandonment of Thomson's plum pudding model as a complete atomic model, irregularities observed in numerical energy solutions of the Thomson problem have been found to correspond with electron shell-filling in naturally occurring atoms throughout the periodic table of elements.[11]

The Thomson problem also plays a role in the study of other physical models including multi-electron bubbles and the surface ordering of liquid metal drops confined in Paul traps.

The generalized Thomson problem arises, for example, in determining the arrangements of the protein subunits which comprise the shells of spherical viruses. The "particles" in this application are clusters of protein subunits arranged on a shell. Other realizations include regular arrangements of colloid particles in colloidosomes, proposed for encapsulation of active ingredients such as drugs, nutrients or living cells, fullerene patterns of carbon atoms, and VSEPR theory. An example with long-range logarithmic interactions is provided by the Abrikosov vortices which would form at low temperatures in a superconducting metal shell with a large monopole at the center.

In the following table ${\displaystyle N}$ is the number of points (charges) in a configuration, ${\displaystyle E_{1}}$ is the energy, the symmetry type is given in Schönflies notation (see Point groups in three dimensions), and ${\displaystyle r_{i}}$ are the positions of the charges. Most symmetry types require the vector sum of the positions (and thus the electric dipole moment) to be zero.

It is customary to also consider the polyhedron formed by the convex hull of the points. Thus, ${\displaystyle v_{i}}$ is the number of vertices where the given number of edges meet, '${\displaystyle e}$ is the total number of edges, ${\displaystyle f_{3}}$ is the number of triangular faces, ${\displaystyle f_{4}}$ is the number of quadrilateral faces, and ${\displaystyle \theta _{1}}$ is the smallest angle subtended by vectors associated with the nearest charge pair. Note that the edge lengths are generally not equal; thus (except in the cases N = 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and the geodesic polyhedra) the convex hull is only topologically equivalent to the figure listed in the last column.[12]

N	${\displaystyle E_{1}}$	Symmetry	${\displaystyle \left|\sum \mathbf {r} _{i}\right|}$	${\displaystyle v_{3}}$	${\displaystyle v_{4}}$	${\displaystyle v_{5}}$	${\displaystyle v_{6}}$	${\displaystyle v_{7}}$	${\displaystyle v_{8}}$	${\displaystyle e}$	${\displaystyle f_{3}}$	${\displaystyle f_{4}}$	${\displaystyle \theta _{1}}$	Equivalent polyhedron
2	0.500000000	${\displaystyle D_{\infty h}}$	0	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	180.000°	digon
3	1.732050808	${\displaystyle D_{3h}}$	0	–	–	–	–	–	–	3	1	–	120.000°	triangle
4	3.674234614	${\displaystyle T_{d}}$	0	4	0	0	0	0	0	6	4	0	109.471°	tetrahedron
5	6.474691495	${\displaystyle D_{3h}}$	0	2	3	0	0	0	0	9	6	0	90.000°	triangular dipyramid
6	9.985281374	${\displaystyle O_{h}}$	0	0	6	0	0	0	0	12	8	0	90.000°	octahedron
7	14.452977414	${\displaystyle D_{5h}}$	0	0	5	2	0	0	0	15	10	0	72.000°	pentagonal dipyramid
8	19.675287861	${\displaystyle D_{4d}}$	0	0	8	0	0	0	0	16	8	2	71.694°	square antiprism
9	25.759986531	${\displaystyle D_{3h}}$	0	0	3	6	0	0	0	21	14	0	69.190°	triaugmented triangular prism
10	32.716949460	${\displaystyle D_{4d}}$	0	0	2	8	0	0	0	24	16	0	64.996°	gyroelongated square dipyramid
11	40.596450510	${\displaystyle C_{2v}}$	0.013219635	0	2	8	1	0	0	27	18	0	58.540°	edge-contracted icosahedron
12	49.165253058	${\displaystyle I_{h}}$	0	0	0	12	0	0	0	30	20	0	63.435°	icosahedron (geodesic sphere {3,5+}1,0)
13	58.853230612	${\displaystyle C_{2v}}$	0.008820367	0	1	10	2	0	0	33	22	0	52.317°
14	69.306363297	${\displaystyle D_{6d}}$	0	0	0	12	2	0	0	36	24	0	52.866°	gyroelongated hexagonal dipyramid
15	80.670244114	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	3	0	0	39	26	0	49.225°
16	92.911655302	${\displaystyle T}$	0	0	0	12	4	0	0	42	28	0	48.936°
17	106.050404829	${\displaystyle D_{5h}}$	0	0	0	12	5	0	0	45	30	0	50.108°	double-gyroelongated pentagonal dipyramid
18	120.084467447	${\displaystyle D_{4d}}$	0	0	2	8	8	0	0	48	32	0	47.534°
19	135.089467557	${\displaystyle C_{2v}}$	0.000135163	0	0	14	5	0	0	50	32	1	44.910°
20	150.881568334	${\displaystyle D_{3h}}$	0	0	0	12	8	0	0	54	36	0	46.093°
21	167.641622399	${\displaystyle C_{2v}}$	0.001406124	0	1	10	10	0	0	57	38	0	44.321°
22	185.287536149	${\displaystyle T_{d}}$	0	0	0	12	10	0	0	60	40	0	43.302°
23	203.930190663	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	11	0	0	63	42	0	41.481°
24	223.347074052	${\displaystyle O}$	0	0	0	24	0	0	0	60	32	6	42.065°	snub cube
25	243.812760299	${\displaystyle C_{s}}$	0.001021305	0	0	14	11	0	0	68	44	1	39.610°
26	265.133326317	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.001919065	0	0	12	14	0	0	72	48	0	38.842°
27	287.302615033	${\displaystyle D_{5h}}$	0	0	0	12	15	0	0	75	50	0	39.940°
28	310.491542358	${\displaystyle T}$	0	0	0	12	16	0	0	78	52	0	37.824°
29	334.634439920	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	17	0	0	81	54	0	36.391°
30	359.603945904	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	18	0	0	84	56	0	36.942°
31	385.530838063	${\displaystyle C_{3v}}$	0.003204712	0	0	12	19	0	0	87	58	0	36.373°
32	412.261274651	${\displaystyle I_{h}}$	0	0	0	12	20	0	0	90	60	0	37.377°	pentakis dodecahedron (geodesic sphere {3,5+}1,1)
33	440.204057448	${\displaystyle C_{s}}$	0.004356481	0	0	15	17	1	0	92	60	1	33.700°
34	468.904853281	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	22	0	0	96	64	0	33.273°
35	498.569872491	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000419208	0	0	12	23	0	0	99	66	0	33.100°
36	529.122408375	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	24	0	0	102	68	0	33.229°
37	560.618887731	${\displaystyle D_{5h}}$	0	0	0	12	25	0	0	105	70	0	32.332°
38	593.038503566	${\displaystyle D_{6d}}$	0	0	0	12	26	0	0	108	72	0	33.236°
39	626.389009017	${\displaystyle D_{3h}}$	0	0	0	12	27	0	0	111	74	0	32.053°
40	660.675278835	${\displaystyle T_{d}}$	0	0	0	12	28	0	0	114	76	0	31.916°
41	695.916744342	${\displaystyle D_{3h}}$	0	0	0	12	29	0	0	117	78	0	31.528°
42	732.078107544	${\displaystyle D_{5h}}$	0	0	0	12	30	0	0	120	80	0	31.245°
43	769.190846459	${\displaystyle C_{2v}}$	0.000399668	0	0	12	31	0	0	123	82	0	30.867°
44	807.174263085	${\displaystyle O_{h}}$	0	0	0	24	20	0	0	120	72	6	31.258°
45	846.188401061	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	33	0	0	129	86	0	30.207°
46	886.167113639	${\displaystyle T}$	0	0	0	12	34	0	0	132	88	0	29.790°
47	927.059270680	${\displaystyle C_{s}}$	0.002482914	0	0	14	33	0	0	134	88	1	28.787°
48	968.713455344	${\displaystyle O}$	0	0	0	24	24	0	0	132	80	6	29.690°
49	1011.557182654	${\displaystyle C_{3}}$	0.001529341	0	0	12	37	0	0	141	94	0	28.387°
50	1055.182314726	${\displaystyle D_{6d}}$	0	0	0	12	38	0	0	144	96	0	29.231°
51	1099.819290319	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	39	0	0	147	98	0	28.165°
52	1145.418964319	${\displaystyle C_{3}}$	0.000457327	0	0	12	40	0	0	150	100	0	27.670°
53	1191.922290416	${\displaystyle C_{2v}}$	0.000278469	0	0	18	35	0	0	150	96	3	27.137°
54	1239.361474729	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000137870	0	0	12	42	0	0	156	104	0	27.030°
55	1287.772720783	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000391696	0	0	12	43	0	0	159	106	0	26.615°
56	1337.094945276	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	44	0	0	162	108	0	26.683°
57	1387.383229253	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	45	0	0	165	110	0	26.702°
58	1438.618250640	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	46	0	0	168	112	0	26.155°
59	1490.773335279	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000154286	0	0	14	43	2	0	171	114	0	26.170°
60	1543.830400976	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	48	0	0	174	116	0	25.958°
61	1597.941830199	${\displaystyle C_{1}}$	0.001091717	0	0	12	49	0	0	177	118	0	25.392°
62	1652.909409898	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	50	0	0	180	120	0	25.880°
63	1708.879681503	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	51	0	0	183	122	0	25.257°
64	1765.802577927	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	52	0	0	186	124	0	24.920°
65	1823.667960264	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000399515	0	0	12	53	0	0	189	126	0	24.527°
66	1882.441525304	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000776245	0	0	12	54	0	0	192	128	0	24.765°
67	1942.122700406	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	55	0	0	195	130	0	24.727°
68	2002.874701749	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	56	0	0	198	132	0	24.433°
69	2064.533483235	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	57	0	0	201	134	0	24.137°
70	2127.100901551	${\displaystyle D_{2d}}$	0	0	0	12	50	0	0	200	128	4	24.291°
71	2190.649906425	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.001256769	0	0	14	55	2	0	207	138	0	23.803°
72	2255.001190975	${\displaystyle I}$	0	0	0	12	60	0	0	210	140	0	24.492°	geodesic sphere {3,5+}2,1
73	2320.633883745	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.001572959	0	0	12	61	0	0	213	142	0	22.810°
74	2387.072981838	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000641539	0	0	12	62	0	0	216	144	0	22.966°
75	2454.369689040	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	63	0	0	219	146	0	22.736°
76	2522.674871841	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000943474	0	0	12	64	0	0	222	148	0	22.886°
77	2591.850152354	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	65	0	0	225	150	0	23.286°
78	2662.046474566	${\displaystyle T_{h}}$	0	0	0	12	66	0	0	228	152	0	23.426°
79	2733.248357479	${\displaystyle C_{s}}$	0.000702921	0	0	12	63	1	0	230	152	1	22.636°
80	2805.355875981	${\displaystyle D_{4d}}$	0	0	0	16	64	0	0	232	152	2	22.778°
81	2878.522829664	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000194289	0	0	12	69	0	0	237	158	0	21.892°
82	2952.569675286	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	70	0	0	240	160	0	22.206°
83	3027.528488921	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000339815	0	0	14	67	2	0	243	162	0	21.646°
84	3103.465124431	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000401973	0	0	12	72	0	0	246	164	0	21.513°
85	3180.361442939	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000416581	0	0	12	73	0	0	249	166	0	21.498°
86	3258.211605713	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.001378932	0	0	12	74	0	0	252	168	0	21.522°
87	3337.000750014	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000754863	0	0	12	75	0	0	255	170	0	21.456°
88	3416.720196758	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	76	0	0	258	172	0	21.486°
89	3497.439018625	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000070891	0	0	12	77	0	0	261	174	0	21.182°
90	3579.091222723	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	78	0	0	264	176	0	21.230°
91	3661.713699320	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000033221	0	0	12	79	0	0	267	178	0	21.105°
92	3745.291636241	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	80	0	0	270	180	0	21.026°
93	3829.844338421	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000213246	0	0	12	81	0	0	273	182	0	20.751°
94	3915.309269620	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	82	0	0	276	184	0	20.952°
95	4001.771675565	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000116638	0	0	12	83	0	0	279	186	0	20.711°
96	4089.154010060	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000036310	0	0	12	84	0	0	282	188	0	20.687°
97	4177.533599622	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000096437	0	0	12	85	0	0	285	190	0	20.450°
98	4266.822464156	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000112916	0	0	12	86	0	0	288	192	0	20.422°
99	4357.139163132	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000156508	0	0	12	87	0	0	291	194	0	20.284°
100	4448.350634331	${\displaystyle T}$	0	0	0	12	88	0	0	294	196	0	20.297°
101	4540.590051694	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	89	0	0	297	198	0	20.011°
102	4633.736565899	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	90	0	0	300	200	0	20.040°
103	4727.836616833	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000201245	0	0	12	91	0	0	303	202	0	19.907°
104	4822.876522746	${\displaystyle D_{6}}$	0	0	0	12	92	0	0	306	204	0	19.957°
105	4919.000637616	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	93	0	0	309	206	0	19.842°
106	5015.984595705	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	94	0	0	312	208	0	19.658°
107	5113.953547724	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000064137	0	0	12	95	0	0	315	210	0	19.327°
108	5212.813507831	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000432525	0	0	12	96	0	0	318	212	0	19.327°
109	5312.735079920	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000647299	0	0	14	93	2	0	321	214	0	19.103°
110	5413.549294192	${\displaystyle D_{6}}$	0	0	0	12	98	0	0	324	216	0	19.476°
111	5515.293214587	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	99	0	0	327	218	0	19.255°
112	5618.044882327	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	100	0	0	330	220	0	19.351°
113	5721.824978027	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	101	0	0	333	222	0	18.978°
114	5826.521572163	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000149772	0	0	12	102	0	0	336	224	0	18.836°
115	5932.181285777	${\displaystyle C_{3}}$	0.000049972	0	0	12	103	0	0	339	226	0	18.458°
116	6038.815593579	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000259726	0	0	12	104	0	0	342	228	0	18.386°
117	6146.342446579	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000127609	0	0	12	105	0	0	345	230	0	18.566°
118	6254.877027790	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000332475	0	0	12	106	0	0	348	232	0	18.455°
119	6364.347317479	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000685590	0	0	12	107	0	0	351	234	0	18.336°
120	6474.756324980	${\displaystyle C_{s}}$	0.001373062	0	0	12	108	0	0	354	236	0	18.418°
121	6586.121949584	${\displaystyle C_{3}}$	0.000838863	0	0	12	109	0	0	357	238	0	18.199°
122	6698.374499261	${\displaystyle I_{h}}$	0	0	0	12	110	0	0	360	240	0	18.612°	geodesic sphere {3,5+}2,2
123	6811.827228174	${\displaystyle C_{2v}}$	0.001939754	0	0	14	107	2	0	363	242	0	17.840°
124	6926.169974193	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	112	0	0	366	244	0	18.111°
125	7041.473264023	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000088274	0	0	12	113	0	0	369	246	0	17.867°
126	7157.669224867	${\displaystyle D_{4}}$	0	0	2	16	100	8	0	372	248	0	17.920°
127	7274.819504675	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	115	0	0	375	250	0	17.877°
128	7393.007443068	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000054132	0	0	12	116	0	0	378	252	0	17.814°
129	7512.107319268	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000030099	0	0	12	117	0	0	381	254	0	17.743°
130	7632.167378912	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000025622	0	0	12	118	0	0	384	256	0	17.683°
131	7753.205166941	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000305133	0	0	12	119	0	0	387	258	0	17.511°
132	7875.045342797	${\displaystyle I}$	0	0	0	12	120	0	0	390	260	0	17.958°	geodesic sphere {3,5+}3,1
133	7998.179212898	${\displaystyle C_{3}}$	0.000591438	0	0	12	121	0	0	393	262	0	17.133°
134	8122.089721194	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000470268	0	0	12	122	0	0	396	264	0	17.214°
135	8246.909486992	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	123	0	0	399	266	0	17.431°
136	8372.743302539	${\displaystyle T}$	0	0	0	12	124	0	0	402	268	0	17.485°
137	8499.534494782	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	125	0	0	405	270	0	17.560°
138	8627.406389880	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000473576	0	0	12	126	0	0	408	272	0	16.924°
139	8756.227056057	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000404228	0	0	12	127	0	0	411	274	0	16.673°
140	8885.980609041	${\displaystyle C_{1}}$	0.000630351	0	0	13	126	1	0	414	276	0	16.773°
141	9016.615349190	${\displaystyle C_{2v}}$	0.000376365	0	0	14	126	0	1	417	278	0	16.962°
142	9148.271579993	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000550138	0	0	12	130	0	0	420	280	0	16.840°
143	9280.839851192	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000255449	0	0	12	131	0	0	423	282	0	16.782°
144	9414.371794460	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	132	0	0	426	284	0	16.953°
145	9548.928837232	${\displaystyle C_{s}}$	0.000094938	0	0	12	133	0	0	429	286	0	16.841°
146	9684.381825575	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	134	0	0	432	288	0	16.905°
147	9820.932378373	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000636651	0	0	12	135	0	0	435	290	0	16.458°
148	9958.406004270	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000203701	0	0	12	136	0	0	438	292	0	16.627°
149	10096.859907397	${\displaystyle C_{1}}$	0.000638186	0	0	14	133	2	0	441	294	0	16.344°
150	10236.196436701	${\displaystyle T}$	0	0	0	12	138	0	0	444	296	0	16.405°
151	10376.571469275	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000153836	0	0	12	139	0	0	447	298	0	16.163°
152	10517.867592878	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	140	0	0	450	300	0	16.117°
153	10660.082748237	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	141	0	0	453	302	0	16.390°
154	10803.372421141	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000735800	0	0	12	142	0	0	456	304	0	16.078°
155	10947.574692279	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000603670	0	0	12	143	0	0	459	306	0	15.990°
156	11092.798311456	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000508534	0	0	12	144	0	0	462	308	0	15.822°
157	11238.903041156	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000357679	0	0	12	145	0	0	465	310	0	15.948°
158	11385.990186197	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000921918	0	0	12	146	0	0	468	312	0	15.987°
159	11534.023960956	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000381457	0	0	12	147	0	0	471	314	0	15.960°
160	11683.054805549	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	148	0	0	474	316	0	15.961°
161	11833.084739465	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000056447	0	0	12	149	0	0	477	318	0	15.810°
162	11984.050335814	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	150	0	0	480	320	0	15.813°
163	12136.013053220	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000120798	0	0	12	151	0	0	483	322	0	15.675°
164	12288.930105320	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	152	0	0	486	324	0	15.655°
165	12442.804451373	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000091119	0	0	12	153	0	0	489	326	0	15.651°
166	12597.649071323	${\displaystyle D_{2d}}$	0	0	0	16	146	4	0	492	328	0	15.607°
167	12753.469429750	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000097382	0	0	12	155	0	0	495	330	0	15.600°
168	12910.212672268	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	156	0	0	498	332	0	15.655°
169	13068.006451127	${\displaystyle C_{s}}$	0.000068102	0	0	13	155	1	0	501	334	0	15.537°
170	13226.681078541	${\displaystyle D_{2d}}$	0	0	0	12	158	0	0	504	336	0	15.569°
171	13386.355930717	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	159	0	0	507	338	0	15.497°
172	13547.018108787	${\displaystyle C_{2v}}$	0.000547291	0	0	14	156	2	0	510	340	0	15.292°
173	13708.635243034	${\displaystyle C_{s}}$	0.000286544	0	0	12	161	0	0	513	342	0	15.225°
174	13871.187092292	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	162	0	0	516	344	0	15.366°
175	14034.781306929	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000026686	0	0	12	163	0	0	519	346	0	15.252°
176	14199.354775632	${\displaystyle C_{1}}$	0.000283978	0	0	12	164	0	0	522	348	0	15.101°
177	14364.837545298	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	165	0	0	525	350	0	15.269°
178	14531.309552587	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	166	0	0	528	352	0	15.145°
179	14698.754594220	${\displaystyle C_{1}}$	0.000125113	0	0	13	165	1	0	531	354	0	14.968°
180	14867.099927525	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	168	0	0	534	356	0	15.067°
181	15036.467239769	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000304193	0	0	12	169	0	0	537	358	0	15.002°
182	15206.730610906	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	170	0	0	540	360	0	15.155°
183	15378.166571028	${\displaystyle C_{1}}$	0.000467899	0	0	12	171	0	0	543	362	0	14.747°
184	15550.421450311	${\displaystyle T}$	0	0	0	12	172	0	0	546	364	0	14.932°
185	15723.720074072	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000389762	0	0	12	173	0	0	549	366	0	14.775°
186	15897.897437048	${\displaystyle C_{1}}$	0.000389762	0	0	12	174	0	0	552	368	0	14.739°
187	16072.975186320	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	175	0	0	555	370	0	14.848°
188	16249.222678879	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	176	0	0	558	372	0	14.740°
189	16426.371938862	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000020732	0	0	12	177	0	0	561	374	0	14.671°
190	16604.428338501	${\displaystyle C_{3}}$	0.000586804	0	0	12	178	0	0	564	376	0	14.501°
191	16783.452219362	${\displaystyle C_{1}}$	0.001129202	0	0	13	177	1	0	567	378	0	14.195°
192	16963.338386460	${\displaystyle I}$	0	0	0	12	180	0	0	570	380	0	14.819°	geodesic sphere {3,5+}3,2
193	17144.564740880	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000985192	0	0	12	181	0	0	573	382	0	14.144°
194	17326.616136471	${\displaystyle C_{1}}$	0.000322358	0	0	12	182	0	0	576	384	0	14.350°
195	17509.489303930	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	183	0	0	579	386	0	14.375°
196	17693.460548082	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000315907	0	0	12	184	0	0	582	388	0	14.251°
197	17878.340162571	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	185	0	0	585	390	0	14.147°
198	18064.262177195	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000011149	0	0	12	186	0	0	588	392	0	14.237°
199	18251.082495640	${\displaystyle C_{1}}$	0.000534779	0	0	12	187	0	0	591	394	0	14.153°
200	18438.842717530	${\displaystyle D_{2}}$	0	0	0	12	188	0	0	594	396	0	14.222°
201	18627.591226244	${\displaystyle C_{1}}$	0.001048859	0	0	13	187	1	0	597	398	0	13.830°
202	18817.204718262	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	190	0	0	600	400	0	14.189°
203	19007.981204580	${\displaystyle C_{s}}$	0.000600343	0	0	12	191	0	0	603	402	0	13.977°
204	19199.540775603	${\displaystyle T_{h}}$	0	0	0	12	192	0	0	606	404	0	14.291°
212	20768.053085964	${\displaystyle I}$	0	0	0	12	200	0	0	630	420	0	14.118°	geodesic sphere {3,5+}4,1
214	21169.910410375	${\displaystyle T}$	0	0	0	12	202	0	0	636	424	0	13.771°
216	21575.596377869	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	204	0	0	642	428	0	13.735°
217	21779.856080418	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	205	0	0	645	430	0	13.902°
232	24961.252318934	${\displaystyle T}$	0	0	0	12	220	0	0	690	460	0	13.260°
255	30264.424251281	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	243	0	0	759	506	0	12.565°
256	30506.687515847	${\displaystyle T}$	0	0	0	12	244	0	0	762	508	0	12.572°
257	30749.941417346	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	245	0	0	765	510	0	12.672°
272	34515.193292681	${\displaystyle I_{h}}$	0	0	0	12	260	0	0	810	540	0	12.335°	geodesic sphere {3,5+}3,3
282	37147.294418462	${\displaystyle I}$	0	0	0	12	270	0	0	840	560	0	12.166°	geodesic sphere {3,5+}4,2
292	39877.008012909	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	280	0	0	870	580	0	11.857°
306	43862.569780797	${\displaystyle T_{h}}$	0	0	0	12	294	0	0	912	608	0	11.628°
312	45629.313804002	${\displaystyle C_{2}}$	0.000306163	0	0	12	300	0	0	930	620	0	11.299°
315	46525.825643432	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	303	0	0	939	626	0	11.337°
317	47128.310344520	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	305	0	0	945	630	0	11.423°
318	47431.056020043	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	12	306	0	0	948	632	0	11.219°
334	52407.728127822	${\displaystyle T}$	0	0	0	12	322	0	0	996	664	0	11.058°
348	56967.472454334	${\displaystyle T_{h}}$	0	0	0	12	336	0	0	1038	692	0	10.721°
357	59999.922939598	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	345	0	0	1065	710	0	10.728°
358	60341.830924588	${\displaystyle T}$	0	0	0	12	346	0	0	1068	712	0	10.647°
372	65230.027122557	${\displaystyle I}$	0	0	0	12	360	0	0	1110	740	0	10.531°	geodesic sphere {3,5+}4,3
382	68839.426839215	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	370	0	0	1140	760	0	10.379°
390	71797.035335953	${\displaystyle T_{h}}$	0	0	0	12	378	0	0	1164	776	0	10.222°
392	72546.258370889	${\displaystyle C_{1}}$	0	0	0	12	380	0	0	1170	780	0	10.278°
400	75582.448512213	${\displaystyle T}$	0	0	0	12	388	0	0	1194	796	0	10.068°
402	76351.192432673	${\displaystyle D_{5}}$	0	0	0	12	390	0	0	1200	800	0	10.099°
432	88353.709681956	${\displaystyle D_{3}}$	0	0	0	24	396	12	0	1290	860	0	9.556°
448	95115.546986209	${\displaystyle T}$	0	0	0	24	412	12	0	1338	892	0	9.322°
460	100351.763108673	${\displaystyle T}$	0	0	0	24	424	12	0	1374	916	0	9.297°
468	103920.871715127	${\displaystyle S_{6}}$	0	0	0	24	432	12	0	1398	932	0	9.120°
470	104822.886324279	${\displaystyle S_{6}}$	0	0	0	24	434	12	0	1404	936	0	9.059°

According to a conjecture, if ${\displaystyle m=n+2}$, p is the polyhedron formed by the convex hull of m points, q is the number of quadrilateral faces of p, then the solution for m electrons is f(m): ${\displaystyle f(m)=0^{n}+3n-q}$.[13]

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