The Garden (poem)

"The Garden", by Andrew Marvell, is one of the most famous English poems of the seventeenth century.

The Garden[1]

How vainly[lower-alpha 1] men themselves amaze
To win the Palm, the Oke, or Bayes;[lower-alpha 2]
And their uncessant Labours see
Crown'd from some single Herb or Tree,
Whose short and narrow verged Shade
Does prudently their Toyles upbraid;
While all Flow'rs and all Trees do close
To weave the Garlands of repose.[lower-alpha 3]

Fair quiet, have I found thee here,
And Innocence thy Sister dear!
Mistaken long, I sought you then
In busie Companies of Men.
Your sacred Plants, if here below,
Only among the Plants will grow.[lower-alpha 4]
Society is all but rude,
To this delicious Solitude:

No white nor red was ever seen
So am'rous as this lovely green.
Fond Lovers, cruel as their Flame,
Cut in these Trees their Mistress name.
Little, Alas, they know or heed,
How far these Beauties Hers exceed!
Fair trees! where s'eer your barkes I wound,
No Name shall but your own be found.

When we have run our Passion' heat,
Love hither makes his best retreat.
The Gods, that mortal Beauty chase,
Still in a Tree did end their race.
Apollo hunted Daphne[lower-alpha 5] so,
Only that She might Laurel grow.
And Pan did after Syrinx[lower-alpha 6] speed,
Not as a Nymph, but for a Reed.

What wond'rous Life in this I lead![lower-alpha 7]
Ripe Apples drop about my head;
The Luscious Clusters of the Vine
Upon my Mouth do crush their Wine;
The Nectaren, and curious Peach,
Into my hands themselves do reach;
Stumbling on Melons, as I pass,
Insnared with Flow'rs, I fall on Grass.[lower-alpha 8]

Mean while[lower-alpha 9] the Mind, from pleasure less,
Withdraws into its happiness:
The Mind, that Ocean where each kind
Does streight its own resemblance find;[lower-alpha 10]
Yet it creates, transcending these,
Far other Worlds, and other Seas;
Annihilating all that's made
To a green Thought[lower-alpha 11] in a green Shade.[lower-alpha 12]

Here at the Fountains sliding foot,
Or at some Fruit-trees mossy root,
Casting the Bodies Vest aside,
My Soul into the boughs does glide:
There like a Bird it sits, and sings,
Then whets, and combs its silver Wings;
And, till prepar'd for longer flight,
Waves in its Plumes the various Light.[lower-alpha 13]

Such was that happy Garden-state,
While Man there walked without a Mate:
After a Place, so pure, and sweet,
What other Help could yet be meet!
But 'twas beyond a Mortal's share
To wander solitary there:
Two Paradises 'twere in one
To live in Paradise alone.[lower-alpha 14]

How well the skilful Gardner drew
Of flow'rs and herbs this Dial new;[lower-alpha 15]
Where from above the milder Sun
Does through a fragrant Zodiack run;[lower-alpha 16]
And, as it works, th' industrious Bee
Computes its time as well as we.
How could such sweet and wholsome Hours
Be reckon'd but with herbs and flow'rs![lower-alpha 17]

This poem was first published in Miscellaneous Poems. It was published for Robert Boulter, in 1681. This was the first edition. Miscellaneous Poems was sent to the press by Mary Marvell, who claimed she was Andrew's widow.

"The Garden" is a romantic poem. The poet's personal emotions and feelings are told throughout the words of nature. The poet explains the value of nature and is explaining it through the poem.

Marvell recast much of his poem in Latin, "Hortus", printed to follow "The Garden" in the 1681 posthumous Miscellaneous Poems:

Quisnam adeo, mortale genus, præcordia versat?
 Heu Palmæ, Laurique furor, vel simplicis Herbæ![4]

— lines 1-2

Notes and references

Notes
  1. The vanity of earthly endeavors is set forth in the first words, introducing the contrast between the sensuous solitude of the garden and the fruitless labyrinth ("amaze" still retained its "maze" connotations) of the busy labours of the world; the contrast, to the Garden's advantage, occupies the first five stanzas.
  2. The palm frond rewarding martyrs, the oak wreath conquerors, the Laurel wreath poets.
  3. The contrasted virtues of the Active and the Contemplative Life have been examined since Antiquity.
  4. The fruits of quiet and innocence, in this world, thrive best in a garden.
  5. The nymph Daphne escaped Apollo's pursuit by becoming the Laurel, from which he wove his crowning wreath; Marvell asserts that it was precisely as a tree that the god valued her.
  6. Syrinx, escaped from goatlike Pan in the form of a reed, from whose hollow stem the nature spirit fashioned his pan pipes.
  7. Charles Lamb, in his essay "The Old Benchers of the Inner Temple", quoted this line as "What wond'rous life is this I lead!" and it is found quoted as often as Marvell's original.
  8. Embedded in one of the most luxuriant couplets in English poetry are the darker reminders of "insnared" and "fall", inexorably recalling a greater Entrapment and Fall in a Garden.
  9. Here is the volta, the turning in the train of thought, in this case towards the further withdrawal of internal reflection and mystical annihilation of Self: compare the seventeenth-century philosophy of Quietism.
  10. In the history of ideas, the concept that in a perfect, and therefore symmetrical Creation, each creature of the earth found its counterpart in the sea had a long career; it had been firmly dismissed by Sir Thomas Browne, in Pseudodoxia Epidemica (1646) in which one of the "Vulgar errors" is "that all Animals of the Land, are in their Kinde in the Sea"; even exploded philosophy was grist to Marvell's metaphysical wit.
  11. Eleanor Perenyi titled her book of ruminative garden essays, Green Thoughts (New York: Random House) 1981.
  12. "But the principal clue to Marvell's nature-mysticism lies, I think, in the obsession that green had for him," wrote Vita Sackville-West, poet and gardener. "He used it in and out of season, moreover he supplemented it by constant references to shade and shadow, which were all part of the same line of thought. Marvell was highly sensitive to colour—an argument which could be substantiated by numerous instances;—all variations of light and shade were to him a perpetual delight; but of all colours it was green that enchanted him most; the world of his mind was a glaucous world, as though he lived in a coppice, stippled with sunlight and alive with moving shadows."[2]
  13. The poem climaxes in an image of mystical iridescence ("the various Light") that transcends attempts to parse the grammar of its logic, as if the reader were to ask "what is actually waved?"
  14. This next-to-last stanza is a falling action evoking the unattainable original solitary bliss, in a wistful minor-key cadence that is resolved, as if in music, with the concrete last image of the final stanza, set once again in the external garden of here-and-now.
  15. The conceit, of a planted circle of flowers that would open sequentially during the daylight hours and into the night has entertained armchair gardeners ever since; Carl Linnaeus contrived a dial planting of forty-six flowers, Hugh MacDonald noted.[3]
  16. The sun's circuit of the day in this charmed, "milder" and "fragrant" but once again perfectly real garden setting, is assimilated to the solar circuit of the year, as Time, which has been held in suspension, begins again.
  17. The last couplet has become a standard sundial inscription.

References
  1. MacDonald 1956, pp. 51-53.
  2. MacDonald 1956, pp. xxix-xxx.
  3. MacDonald 1956, p. 173.
  4. Marvell 1681, p. 51.

Sources
  • MacDonald, Hugh, ed. (1956). Poems of Andrew Marvell (Second ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. OCLC 1058125608.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Marvell, Andrew (1681). Miscellaneous Poems. London: Robert Boulter. OCLC 642940003.
  • Hazelwood, Garrett (2010). "Green Thoughts: Andrew Marvell's 'Garden' of Enlightenment Thinking". Emergence: A Journal of Undergraduate Literary Criticism and Creative Research. 1.


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