Supercomputing in India

India's Supercomputer Programme was started in late 1980s, precisely during the 3rd quarter of 1987, in New Delhi for Software, in Bangalore for Hardware, and in Pune for Firmware, while Sam Pitroda, Advisor to C-DOT, and C-DOT's Indigenous Architecture and Design Team constituted by its Senior Member Technical Staff / Senior Programme Managers including Mohan C. Subramaniyam alias Mohan Rose Ali, Periasamy Muthiah, and Leslie D'Souza had all worked hard at the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT), after successfully completing their 3 years mission on designing the Nation's first ever indigenous C-DOT Digital Switching System - DSS (Digital Telephone Exchanges), to create C-DOT's Indigenous Super-computing Machine called CHIPPS - C-DOT High-Performance Parallel Processing System, because the contracted Cray X-MP Supercomputers were denied for export to India which was under the Statesmanship and Stewardship of Mr. Rajiv Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, due to an arms embargo imposed by US on India during Ronald Reagan's Presidential Administration, for it was a dual-use technology and it could be used for developing indigenous Strategic Defense Systems by India.[1][2]

Indian Supercomputer design experience started first with C-DOT's CHIPPS - C-DOT High-Performance Parallel Processing System. It was designed to work with a maximum of 192 nodes and later the Technology, Architecture, Design, and the Product's Hardware, Software, and Firmware were transferred to a similarly formed autonomous organization in Pune which was then called 'C-DACT' in the first place to refer to 'Centre for Development of Advanced Computing Technology' as it was intended originally to sound synonymous with C-DOT, but it was later renamed to C-DAC with 5 characters similar to that of C-DOT. CHIPPS was the base platform of the Indian Supercomputer Revolution initiated in 1988 and pursued more vigorously during the start of 1991. Then, 'CHIPPS' which used Inmos T800 Transputer Architecture and Design in a massively parallel processing structure was augmented and was renamed to call it 'PARAM' by the policymakers of C-DAC though the original architects and the original designers of C-DOT opposed to the renaming process because 'PARAM' refers to GOD in Indian Root Language Tamil and its ancient versions including Sanskrit. Indian Supercomputer 'PARAM 8000' named by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), headed by Dr. Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar, was launched on July 1, 1991. It was released in 1991 by C-DAC and was replicated and installed at ICAD Moscow in 1991 under Russian collaboration.[3][4][5][6]

Indian supercomputers in the TOP500

As of June 2020, India has 2 systems on the TOP500 list ranking.[7]

RankSiteNameRmax
(TFlop/s)		Rpeak
(TFlop/s)
67Indian Institute of Tropical MeteorologyPratyush (Cray XC40)3,763.94,006.2
120National Centre for Medium Range Weather ForecastingMihir (Cray XC40)2,570.42,808.7

Other supercomputers with smaller capacity
RankSiteNameRmax
(TFlop/s)		Rpeak
(TFlop/s)
-Software CompanyInC1 - Lenovo C1040 [8]1,123.21,413.1
-Indian Institute of Science, BangaloreSahasraT[9]901.51,244.2
-Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) VaranasiParam Shivay[10]-833
-Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research, PuneParam Brahma[11][12]-797
-Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, PuneAaditya (iDataPlex DX360M4)[13]719.2790.7
-Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, MumbaiCray XC30[14]558.7730
-Indian Institute of Technology DelhiPADUM[15][16]520.41170.14
-Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, PunePARAM Yuva II[17]388.4520.4
-Bhabha Atomic Research CentreANUPAM-AGANYA[18]380
-Indian Institute of Technology KanpurHPC 2013[19][20]344.3359.6
-CSIR Fourth Paradigm Institute, BangaloreCluster Platform 3000 [21]334.4362.1
-Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian Space Research OrganisationSAGA[22][23]188.7394.7
-Indian Institute of Technology GuwahatiPARAM ISHAN [24]250
-Tata Consultancy Services, PuneEKA [25][26]132.8172.6
-Physical Research Laboratory, AhmedabadVIKRAM-100 [27]107.2
-Indian Institute of Technology Madras, ChennaiVIRGO Cluster [28]91.197.8

India's rank in TOP500

As of June 2020, India was ranked 23nd on the TOP500 list ranking based on Rmax.[29]

Rank Country Number of systems
in TOP500		 System Share (%) Total Rmax
(Gflops)		 Total Rpeak
(Gflops)		 Cores
1 China 226 45.2 565,553,102 1,184,700,707 31,277,940
2 United States 114 22.8 638,828,814 904,450,103 16,794,072
3 Japan 29 5.8 527,607,512 691,558,660 11,153,228
4 France 19 3.8 79,878,820 121,553,694 2,428,600
5 Germany 16 3.2 68,713,720 101,130,880 1,749,814
6 Netherlands 15 3 24,736,650 31,795,200 864,000
7 Ireland 14 2.8 23,087,540 29,675,520 806,400
8 Canada 12 2.4 26,698,060 47,707,321 716,096
9 United Kingdom 10 2 30,950,142 37,703,042 1,168,368
10 Italy 7 1.4 87,188,790 128,918,596 1,811,568
11 Brazil 4 0.8 10,991,000 19,270,566 214,040
12 Singapore 4 0.8 6,596,440 8,478,720 230,400
13 South Korea 3 0.6 18,720,660 31,496,620 709,220
14 Norway 3 0.6 7,718,070 10,432,512 287,232
15 Saudi Arabia 3 0.6 10,109,130 13,858,214 325,940
16 Australia 2 0.4 10,913,420 17,261,875 261,632
17 United Arab Emirates 2 0.4 9,013,750 12,164,803 142,368
18 Sweden 2 0.4 4,771,700 6,773,346 131,968
19 Finland 2 0.4 7,095,250 9,748,685 209,728
20 Switzerland 2 0.4 23,126,750 29,347,305 453,140
21 Taiwan 2 0.4 10,325,150 17,297,190 197,552
22 Russia 2 0.4 9,147,000 13,736,550 163,984
23 India 2 0.4 6,334,340 6,814,886 202,824
24 Poland 1 0.2 1,670,090 2,348,640 55,728
25 Hong Kong 1 0.2 1,649,110 2,119,680 57,600
26 Austria 1 0.2 2,726,078 3,761,664 37,920
27 Spain 1 0.2 6,470,800 10,296,115 153,216
28 Czechia 1 0.2 1,457,730 2,011,641 76,896

Over the Years India rank in TOP500 list ranking based on Rmax.[30]

List Number of systems
in TOP500		 System Share (%) Total Rmax
(Gflops)		 Total Rpeak
(Gflops)		 Cores
2020 June 2 0.4 6,334,340 6,814,886 202,824
2019 November 2 0.4 6,334,340 6,814,886 202,824
2019 June 3 0.6 7,457,490 8,228,006 241,224
2018 November 4 0.8 8,358,996 9,472,166 272,328
2018 June 5 1 9,078,216 10,262,899 310,344
2017 November 4 0.8 2,794,753 3,759,153 107,544
2017 June 4 0.8 2,703,926 3,935,693 103,116
2016 November 5 1 3,092,368 4,456,051 133,172
2016 June 9 1.8 4,406,352 5,901,043 204,052
2015 November 11 2.2 4,933,698 6,662,387 236,692
2015 June 11 2.2 4,597,998 5,887,007 226,652
2014 November 9 1.8 3,137,692 3,912,187 184,124
2014 June 9 1.8 2,898,745 3,521,915 169,324
2013 November 12 2.4 3,040,297 3,812,719 188,252
2013 June 11 2.2 2,690,461 3,517,536 173,580
2012 November 9 1.8 1,291,739 1,890,914 90,548
2012 June 5 1 787,652 1,242,746 56,460
2011 November 2 0.4 187,910 242,995 18,128
2011 June 2 0.4 187,910 242,995 18,128
2010 November 4 0.8 257,243 333,005 25,808
2010 June 5 1 283,380 384,593 30,104
2009 November 3 0.6 199,257 279,702 23,416
2009 June 6 1.2 247,285 333,519 33,456
2008 November 8 1.6 259,394 368,501 37,488
2008 June 6 1.2 189,854 275,617 32,432
2007 November 9 1.8 194,524 303,651 34,932
2007 June 8 1.6 45,697 86,642 10,336
2006 November 10 2 34,162 61,520 10,908
2006 June 11 2.2 36,839 66,776 11,638
2005 November 4 0.8 11,379 21,691 3,354
2005 June 8 1.6 13,995 24,726 4,212
2004 November 7 1.4 6,945 11,873 2,126
2004 June 6 1.2 5,652 9,557 1,750
2003 November 3 0.6 2,099 5,098 1,106
2003 June 2 0.4 1,158 3,747 822

Supercomputers

SpaceTime II

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai has inaugurated a new super-computing system called the SpaceTime 2 replacing the earlier SpaceTime system. It has Cray XC50 architecture achieving ~1 PFLOPS of peak performance. It consists of 216 nodes with 2x Intel Skylake 6148, 2.4 GHz 20 Core, 1003 TFLOPS Total Peak Performance, 4 High Memory Nodes with total of 1.5 TB RAM and 64 CPU+GPU Nodes consisting of 1xIntel Broadwell + P100 NVIDIA GPU.

It also includes additional nodes as follows:

  • Login Nodes—2
  • System Nodes—2
  • External Server—1
  • System Management Workstation—1
Storage System Configuration
  • Parallel File System -- Lustre®
  • LNet Nodes—4
  • Storage Array—Cray ClusterStor L300
Home Storage
  • Usable Storage (/home) -- 480 TB @ 9 GB/s
  • Cray ClusterStor Configuration—One MMU + One SSU
  • Lustre I/O Nodes (Embedded) -- 2 MDS + 2 OSS (Active/Active config)
  • HDD Data 8 TB – 7.2K RPM on GridRAID (RAID 6)
  • HDD Metadata 900 GB – 10K RPM on RAID 10
Scratch Storage
  • Usable Storage (/scratch) -- 720 TB @ 18 GB/s
  • ClusterStor Configuration—One MMU + Two SSU
  • Lustre I/O Nodes (Embedded) -- 2 MDS + 4 OSS (Active/Active config)
  • HDD Data 6 TB – 7.2K RPM on GridRAID (RAID 6)
  • HDD Metadata 900 GB – 10K RPM on RAID 10
Software environment
  • Operating System—Cray Linux Environment Version - 6.x
  • Cray Programming Environment (CPE) -- Unlimited
  • Intel Parallel Studio XE—5 Seats
  • PGI Accelerator—2 Seats
  • Workload Manager—PBS Pro

Aaditya

Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune has a machine called Aaditya with a theoretical peak of 790.7 teraflop/s which is used for climate research and operational forecasting. It ranked 96th on the June 2013 list of the world's top 500 supercomputers.[31]

PARAM Yuva II

Unveiled on 8 February 2013, this supercomputer was made by Centre for Development of Advanced Computing in a period of three months, at a cost of ₹160 million (US$2 million). It performs at a peak of 524 TFLOPS, about 10 times faster than the present facility, and will consume 35% less energy as compared to the existing facility. According to CDAC, the supercomputer can deliver sustained performance of 360.8 TFLOPS on the community standard LINPACK benchmark, and would have been ranked 62 in the November 2012 ranking list of TOP500. In terms of power efficiency, it would have been ranked 33rd in the November 2012 List of Top Green 500 supercomputers of the world.[32][33] It is the first Indian supercomputer achieving more than 500 teraflops.[34][35]

Param Yuva II will be used for research in space, bioinformatics, weather forecasting, seismic data analysis, aeronautical engineering, scientific data processing and pharmaceutical development. Educational institutes like the Indian Institutes of Technology, National Institutes of Technology and Indian Institute of Information Technology can be linked to the computer through the national knowledge network. This computer is a stepping stone towards building the future petaflop-range supercomputers in India.[34][35][36]

Pratyush

Pratyush is a Cray XC40 system. Pratyush is an array of computers that can deliver a peak power of 6.8 petaflops. As of January 2018, Pratyush is the fastest supercomputer in India.[37] Pratyush is the fourth-fastest supercomputer in the world dedicated for weather and climate research, and follows machines in Japan, USA and the United Kingdom. It will also move a supercomputer in India from the 300s to the 30s in the TOP500 list, a respected international tracker of the world’s fastest supercomputers.[38] http://pratyush.tropmet.res.in/

Future supercomputers
See also: Exascale computing

The Indian Government has proposed to commit 2.5 billion USD to supercomputing research during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2012–2017). The project will be handled by Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore.[39][40] Additionally, it was later revealed that India plans to develop a supercomputer with processing power in the exaflop range.[41] It will be developed by C-DAC within the subsequent five years of approval.[42]

In March 2015, the Indian government has approved a seven-year supercomputing program worth $730 million (Rs. 4,500 crore). The National Supercomputing grid will consist of 73 geographically-distributed high-performance computing centers linked over a high-speed network. The mission involves both capacity and capability machines and includes standing up three petascale supercomputers.[43][44]

See also

References
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  2. Beary, Habib (1 April 2003). "India unveils huge supercomputer". BBC News. India began developing supercomputers in the late 1980s after being refused one by the US.
  3. "C-DAC furthering ties with ICAD, Moscow: From PARAM 8000 to PARAM 10000". Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC). Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  4. "Supercomputer being developed at Pune, Bangalore will be ready in 6 months". Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC). Retrieved 15 September 2011. ...giving India her first indigenous supercomputer in 1991 (PARAM 8000)
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  8. "TOP500, June 2019". 15 December 2019.
  9. "For Traditional HPC simulations: SahasraT". 21 June 2019.
  10. "PM Modi inaugurates supercomputer 'Param Shivay' at IIT-BHU". 19 February 2019.
  11. "PM Modi visits 'Param Brahma' supercomputer facility at IISER in Pune". 23 June 2020.
  12. "PM Modi Visits Supercomputer Facility In Pune, Meets Scientists". 23 June 2020.
  13. "Aditya HPC". 21 June 2019.
  14. "The Cray XC30 hardware". 21 June 2019.
  15. "TOP500, June 2017". 21 June 2019.
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  18. "ANUPAM SUPERCOMPUTER SYSTEMS" (PDF). 21 June 2019.
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  26. "Computational Research Laboratories, TATA SONS". 21 June 2019.
  27. "Vikram - 100 HPC Cluster". 21 June 2019.
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  30. "TOP500 List, Country - India". Retrieved 23 June 2020.
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  37. "India's fastest supercomputer 'Pratyush' established at Pune's IITM". The Indian Express. 9 January 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  38. "India unveils Pratyush, its fastest supercomputer yet". The Hindu. 8 January 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  39. "Making up lost ground: India pitches for $1bn leap in supercomputers". Daily Mail. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  40. "India Aims to Double R&D Spending for Science". HPC Wire. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  41. C-DAC and Supercomputers in India
  42. "India plans 61 times faster supercomputer by 2017". Times of India. 27 September 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  43. "India Greenlights $730 Million Supercomputing Grid". HPC Wire. 26 March 2015.
  44. "Govt to install 73 supercomputers across the country". Zee News. 25 March 2015.
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