Supercomputing in India
India's Supercomputer Programme was started in late 1980s, precisely during the 3rd quarter of 1987, in New Delhi for Software, in Bangalore for Hardware, and in Pune for Firmware, while Sam Pitroda, Advisor to C-DOT, and C-DOT's Indigenous Architecture and Design Team constituted by its Senior Member Technical Staff / Senior Programme Managers including Mohan C. Subramaniyam alias Mohan Rose Ali, Periasamy Muthiah, and Leslie D'Souza had all worked hard at the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT), after successfully completing their 3 years mission on designing the Nation's first ever indigenous C-DOT Digital Switching System - DSS (Digital Telephone Exchanges), to create C-DOT's Indigenous Super-computing Machine called CHIPPS - C-DOT High-Performance Parallel Processing System, because the contracted Cray X-MP Supercomputers were denied for export to India which was under the Statesmanship and Stewardship of Mr. Rajiv Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, due to an arms embargo imposed by US on India during Ronald Reagan's Presidential Administration, for it was a dual-use technology and it could be used for developing indigenous Strategic Defense Systems by India.[1][2]
Indian Supercomputer design experience started first with C-DOT's CHIPPS - C-DOT High-Performance Parallel Processing System. It was designed to work with a maximum of 192 nodes and later the Technology, Architecture, Design, and the Product's Hardware, Software, and Firmware were transferred to a similarly formed autonomous organization in Pune which was then called 'C-DACT' in the first place to refer to 'Centre for Development of Advanced Computing Technology' as it was intended originally to sound synonymous with C-DOT, but it was later renamed to C-DAC with 5 characters similar to that of C-DOT. CHIPPS was the base platform of the Indian Supercomputer Revolution initiated in 1988 and pursued more vigorously during the start of 1991. Then, 'CHIPPS' which used Inmos T800 Transputer Architecture and Design in a massively parallel processing structure was augmented and was renamed to call it 'PARAM' by the policymakers of C-DAC though the original architects and the original designers of C-DOT opposed to the renaming process because 'PARAM' refers to GOD in Indian Root Language Tamil and its ancient versions including Sanskrit. Indian Supercomputer 'PARAM 8000' named by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), headed by Dr. Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar, was launched on July 1, 1991. It was released in 1991 by C-DAC and was replicated and installed at ICAD Moscow in 1991 under Russian collaboration.[3][4][5][6]
Indian supercomputers in the TOP500
As of June 2020, India has 2 systems on the TOP500 list ranking.[7]
Rank | Site | Name | Rmax (TFlop/s) | Rpeak (TFlop/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
67 | Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology | Pratyush (Cray XC40) | 3,763.9 | 4,006.2 |
120 | National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting | Mihir (Cray XC40) | 2,570.4 | 2,808.7 |
Other supercomputers with smaller capacity
India's rank in TOP500
As of June 2020, India was ranked 23nd on the TOP500 list ranking based on Rmax.[29]
Rank | Country | Number of systems in TOP500 |
System Share (%) | Total Rmax (Gflops) |
Total Rpeak (Gflops) |
Cores |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | China | 226 | 45.2 | 565,553,102 | 1,184,700,707 | 31,277,940 |
2 | United States | 114 | 22.8 | 638,828,814 | 904,450,103 | 16,794,072 |
3 | Japan | 29 | 5.8 | 527,607,512 | 691,558,660 | 11,153,228 |
4 | France | 19 | 3.8 | 79,878,820 | 121,553,694 | 2,428,600 |
5 | Germany | 16 | 3.2 | 68,713,720 | 101,130,880 | 1,749,814 |
6 | Netherlands | 15 | 3 | 24,736,650 | 31,795,200 | 864,000 |
7 | Ireland | 14 | 2.8 | 23,087,540 | 29,675,520 | 806,400 |
8 | Canada | 12 | 2.4 | 26,698,060 | 47,707,321 | 716,096 |
9 | United Kingdom | 10 | 2 | 30,950,142 | 37,703,042 | 1,168,368 |
10 | Italy | 7 | 1.4 | 87,188,790 | 128,918,596 | 1,811,568 |
11 | Brazil | 4 | 0.8 | 10,991,000 | 19,270,566 | 214,040 |
12 | Singapore | 4 | 0.8 | 6,596,440 | 8,478,720 | 230,400 |
13 | South Korea | 3 | 0.6 | 18,720,660 | 31,496,620 | 709,220 |
14 | Norway | 3 | 0.6 | 7,718,070 | 10,432,512 | 287,232 |
15 | Saudi Arabia | 3 | 0.6 | 10,109,130 | 13,858,214 | 325,940 |
16 | Australia | 2 | 0.4 | 10,913,420 | 17,261,875 | 261,632 |
17 | United Arab Emirates | 2 | 0.4 | 9,013,750 | 12,164,803 | 142,368 |
18 | Sweden | 2 | 0.4 | 4,771,700 | 6,773,346 | 131,968 |
19 | Finland | 2 | 0.4 | 7,095,250 | 9,748,685 | 209,728 |
20 | Switzerland | 2 | 0.4 | 23,126,750 | 29,347,305 | 453,140 |
21 | Taiwan | 2 | 0.4 | 10,325,150 | 17,297,190 | 197,552 |
22 | Russia | 2 | 0.4 | 9,147,000 | 13,736,550 | 163,984 |
23 | India | 2 | 0.4 | 6,334,340 | 6,814,886 | 202,824 |
24 | Poland | 1 | 0.2 | 1,670,090 | 2,348,640 | 55,728 |
25 | Hong Kong | 1 | 0.2 | 1,649,110 | 2,119,680 | 57,600 |
26 | Austria | 1 | 0.2 | 2,726,078 | 3,761,664 | 37,920 |
27 | Spain | 1 | 0.2 | 6,470,800 | 10,296,115 | 153,216 |
28 | Czechia | 1 | 0.2 | 1,457,730 | 2,011,641 | 76,896 |
Over the Years India rank in TOP500 list ranking based on Rmax.[30]
List | Number of systems in TOP500 |
System Share (%) | Total Rmax (Gflops) |
Total Rpeak (Gflops) |
Cores |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 June | 2 | 0.4 | 6,334,340 | 6,814,886 | 202,824 |
2019 November | 2 | 0.4 | 6,334,340 | 6,814,886 | 202,824 |
2019 June | 3 | 0.6 | 7,457,490 | 8,228,006 | 241,224 |
2018 November | 4 | 0.8 | 8,358,996 | 9,472,166 | 272,328 |
2018 June | 5 | 1 | 9,078,216 | 10,262,899 | 310,344 |
2017 November | 4 | 0.8 | 2,794,753 | 3,759,153 | 107,544 |
2017 June | 4 | 0.8 | 2,703,926 | 3,935,693 | 103,116 |
2016 November | 5 | 1 | 3,092,368 | 4,456,051 | 133,172 |
2016 June | 9 | 1.8 | 4,406,352 | 5,901,043 | 204,052 |
2015 November | 11 | 2.2 | 4,933,698 | 6,662,387 | 236,692 |
2015 June | 11 | 2.2 | 4,597,998 | 5,887,007 | 226,652 |
2014 November | 9 | 1.8 | 3,137,692 | 3,912,187 | 184,124 |
2014 June | 9 | 1.8 | 2,898,745 | 3,521,915 | 169,324 |
2013 November | 12 | 2.4 | 3,040,297 | 3,812,719 | 188,252 |
2013 June | 11 | 2.2 | 2,690,461 | 3,517,536 | 173,580 |
2012 November | 9 | 1.8 | 1,291,739 | 1,890,914 | 90,548 |
2012 June | 5 | 1 | 787,652 | 1,242,746 | 56,460 |
2011 November | 2 | 0.4 | 187,910 | 242,995 | 18,128 |
2011 June | 2 | 0.4 | 187,910 | 242,995 | 18,128 |
2010 November | 4 | 0.8 | 257,243 | 333,005 | 25,808 |
2010 June | 5 | 1 | 283,380 | 384,593 | 30,104 |
2009 November | 3 | 0.6 | 199,257 | 279,702 | 23,416 |
2009 June | 6 | 1.2 | 247,285 | 333,519 | 33,456 |
2008 November | 8 | 1.6 | 259,394 | 368,501 | 37,488 |
2008 June | 6 | 1.2 | 189,854 | 275,617 | 32,432 |
2007 November | 9 | 1.8 | 194,524 | 303,651 | 34,932 |
2007 June | 8 | 1.6 | 45,697 | 86,642 | 10,336 |
2006 November | 10 | 2 | 34,162 | 61,520 | 10,908 |
2006 June | 11 | 2.2 | 36,839 | 66,776 | 11,638 |
2005 November | 4 | 0.8 | 11,379 | 21,691 | 3,354 |
2005 June | 8 | 1.6 | 13,995 | 24,726 | 4,212 |
2004 November | 7 | 1.4 | 6,945 | 11,873 | 2,126 |
2004 June | 6 | 1.2 | 5,652 | 9,557 | 1,750 |
2003 November | 3 | 0.6 | 2,099 | 5,098 | 1,106 |
2003 June | 2 | 0.4 | 1,158 | 3,747 | 822 |
Supercomputers
SpaceTime II
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai has inaugurated a new super-computing system called the SpaceTime 2 replacing the earlier SpaceTime system. It has Cray XC50 architecture achieving ~1 PFLOPS of peak performance. It consists of 216 nodes with 2x Intel Skylake 6148, 2.4 GHz 20 Core, 1003 TFLOPS Total Peak Performance, 4 High Memory Nodes with total of 1.5 TB RAM and 64 CPU+GPU Nodes consisting of 1xIntel Broadwell + P100 NVIDIA GPU.
It also includes additional nodes as follows:
- Login Nodes—2
- System Nodes—2
- External Server—1
- System Management Workstation—1
Storage System Configuration
- Parallel File System -- Lustre®
- LNet Nodes—4
- Storage Array—Cray ClusterStor L300
Home Storage
- Usable Storage (/home) -- 480 TB @ 9 GB/s
- Cray ClusterStor Configuration—One MMU + One SSU
- Lustre I/O Nodes (Embedded) -- 2 MDS + 2 OSS (Active/Active config)
- HDD Data 8 TB – 7.2K RPM on GridRAID (RAID 6)
- HDD Metadata 900 GB – 10K RPM on RAID 10
Scratch Storage
- Usable Storage (/scratch) -- 720 TB @ 18 GB/s
- ClusterStor Configuration—One MMU + Two SSU
- Lustre I/O Nodes (Embedded) -- 2 MDS + 4 OSS (Active/Active config)
- HDD Data 6 TB – 7.2K RPM on GridRAID (RAID 6)
- HDD Metadata 900 GB – 10K RPM on RAID 10
Software environment
- Operating System—Cray Linux Environment Version - 6.x
- Cray Programming Environment (CPE) -- Unlimited
- Intel Parallel Studio XE—5 Seats
- PGI Accelerator—2 Seats
- Workload Manager—PBS Pro
Aaditya
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune has a machine called Aaditya with a theoretical peak of 790.7 teraflop/s which is used for climate research and operational forecasting. It ranked 96th on the June 2013 list of the world's top 500 supercomputers.[31]
PARAM Yuva II
Unveiled on 8 February 2013, this supercomputer was made by Centre for Development of Advanced Computing in a period of three months, at a cost of ₹160 million (US$2 million). It performs at a peak of 524 TFLOPS, about 10 times faster than the present facility, and will consume 35% less energy as compared to the existing facility. According to CDAC, the supercomputer can deliver sustained performance of 360.8 TFLOPS on the community standard LINPACK benchmark, and would have been ranked 62 in the November 2012 ranking list of TOP500. In terms of power efficiency, it would have been ranked 33rd in the November 2012 List of Top Green 500 supercomputers of the world.[32][33] It is the first Indian supercomputer achieving more than 500 teraflops.[34][35]
Param Yuva II will be used for research in space, bioinformatics, weather forecasting, seismic data analysis, aeronautical engineering, scientific data processing and pharmaceutical development. Educational institutes like the Indian Institutes of Technology, National Institutes of Technology and Indian Institute of Information Technology can be linked to the computer through the national knowledge network. This computer is a stepping stone towards building the future petaflop-range supercomputers in India.[34][35][36]
Pratyush
Pratyush is a Cray XC40 system. Pratyush is an array of computers that can deliver a peak power of 6.8 petaflops. As of January 2018, Pratyush is the fastest supercomputer in India.[37] Pratyush is the fourth-fastest supercomputer in the world dedicated for weather and climate research, and follows machines in Japan, USA and the United Kingdom. It will also move a supercomputer in India from the 300s to the 30s in the TOP500 list, a respected international tracker of the world’s fastest supercomputers.[38] http://pratyush.tropmet.res.in/
Future supercomputers
The Indian Government has proposed to commit 2.5 billion USD to supercomputing research during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2012–2017). The project will be handled by Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore.[39][40] Additionally, it was later revealed that India plans to develop a supercomputer with processing power in the exaflop range.[41] It will be developed by C-DAC within the subsequent five years of approval.[42]
In March 2015, the Indian government has approved a seven-year supercomputing program worth $730 million (Rs. 4,500 crore). The National Supercomputing grid will consist of 73 geographically-distributed high-performance computing centers linked over a high-speed network. The mission involves both capacity and capability machines and includes standing up three petascale supercomputers.[43][44]
See also
References
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