Sighișoara

Sighișoara (Romanian pronunciation: [siɡiˈʃo̯ara]; German: Schäßburg pronounced [ˈʃɛsbʊɐ̯k]; Transylvanian Saxon: Schäsbrich; Hungarian: Segesvár, pronounced [ˈʃɛɡɛʃvaːr] (listen); Yiddish: שעסבורג‎, Shesburg; Latin: Castrum Sex) is a city on the Târnava Mare River in Mureș County, Romania. Located in the historic region of Transylvania, Sighișoara has a population of 28,102 according to the 2011 census. It is a popular tourist destination for its well-preserved walled old town, which is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

For the river in Arad County, see Sighișoara (river).

Sighișoara
Municipality
Panoramic view of the city from one of the surrounding hills
Coat of arms
Location in Mureș County
Sighișoara
Location in Romania
Coordinates: 46°13′1″N 24°47′28″E
Country Romania
CountyMureș
Government
 • MayorOvidiu Mălăncrăvean[1] (PSD)
Population
 (2011)[2]
28,102
Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)
Vehicle reg.MS
Websitewww.sighisoara.org.ro
Official nameHistoric Centre of Sighișoara
TypeCultural
Criteriaiii, v
Designated1999 (23rd session)
Reference no.902
RegionEurope

The city administers seven villages: Angofa, Aurel Vlaicu, Hetiur, Rora, Șoromiclea, Venchi, and Viilor.

History
A street in Sighișoara

During the 12th century, German craftsmen and merchants known as the Transylvanian Saxons were invited to Transylvania by the King of Hungary to settle and defend the frontier of his realm. The chronicler Krauss lists a Saxon settlement in present-day Sighișoara by 1191. A document of 1280 records a town built on the site of a Roman fort as Castrum Sex or "six-sided camp", referring to the fort's shape of an irregular hexagon.[3] Other names recorded include Schaäsburg (1282), Schespurg (1298) and Segusvar (1300).[4] By 1337 Sighișoara had become a royal center for the kings, who awarded the settlement urban status in 1367 as the Civitas de Segusvar.

The city played an important strategic and commercial role at the edges of Central Europe for several centuries. Sighișoara became one of the most important cities of Transylvania, with artisans from throughout the Holy Roman Empire visiting the settlement. The German artisans and craftsmen dominated the urban economy, as well as building the fortifications protecting it. It is estimated that during the 16th and 17th centuries Sighișoara had as many as 15 guilds and 20 handicraft branches. The Baroque sculptor Elias Nicolai lived in the city. The Wallachian voivode Vlad Dracul (father of Vlad the Impaler (Dracula)), who lived in exile in the town, had coins minted in the city (otherwise coinage was the monopoly of the Hungarian kings in the Kingdom of Hungary) and issued the first document listing the city's Romanian name, Sighișoara. The Romanian name is first attested in 1435, and derives from the Hungarian Segesvár, where vár is "fort".[3][4]

Piața Hermann Oberth during the 20th century

The city was the setting for George I Rákóczi's election as Prince of Transylvania and King of Hungary in 1631. Sighișoara suffered military occupation, fires, and plagues during the 17th and 18th centuries. An important source for the history of 17th-century Transylvania, for the period of 1606–1666, are the records of Georg Kraus, the town's notary.[5]

The nearby plain of Albești was the site of the Battle of Segesvár, where the revolutionary Hungarian army led by Józef Bem was defeated by the Russian army led by Luders on 31 July 1849. A monument was constructed in 1852 to the Russian general Skariatin, who died in the battle. The Hungarian poet Sándor Petőfi is generally believed to have been killed in the battle, and a monument was constructed in his honor at Albești in 1897. After World War I Sighișoara passed with Transylvania from Austria-Hungary to the Kingdom of Romania.

Central Sighișoara has preserved in an exemplary way the features of a small medieval fortified city. It has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Each year, a Medieval Festival takes place in the old citadel in July.

View from Villa Franka

In Eastern Europe, Sighișoara is one of the few fortified towns that are still inhabited. The town is made up of two parts. The medieval stronghold was built on top of a hill and is known as the "Citadel" (Cetate). The lower town lies in the valley of Târnava Mare river.

The houses inside Sighișoara Citadel show the main features of a craftsmen's town. However, there are some houses that belonged to the former patriciate, like the Venetian House and the House with Antlers.

In 2001-2003 the construction of a Dracula theme park in the 'Breite' nature preserve near Sighișoara was considered but ultimately rejected, owing to the strong opposition of local civil society groups and national and international media as well as politically influential persons, as the theme park would have detracted from the medieval style of the city and would have destroyed the nature preserve.

Demographics and name
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1910 10,913—    
1930 13,033+19.4%
1948 18,284+40.3%
1956 20,363+11.4%
1966 25,109+23.3%
1977 33,208+32.3%
1992 36,170+8.9%
2002 32,287−10.7%
2011 28,102−13.0%
Source: Census data

Ethnic groups in 2011:[6]

  • Romanians (75%)
  • Hungarians (17.6%)
  • Roma (5.3%)
  • Germans (1.5%)
In Romanian In German In Hungarian
Sighișoara Schäßburg Segesvár
Angofa Ungefug Angofa
Aurel Vlaicu Haufan
Hetiur Marienburg bei
Schäßburg		 Hétúr
Rora Rohrau Róra
Șoromiclea
Venchi Wench Venk
Viilor Kulturberg Szőlőskert

Sights
  • View of Sighișoara from Lunca Poștei

Sighișoara is a popular tourist destination for its well-preserved walled old town, which is also listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The main Citadel's attractions are certainly the towers.

Towers

According to ancient military architectures writings, the defence towers had to be a fortification system for the mutual defense, and, at the same time, each tower was supposed to be an independent fortress: a break at the base of a tower did not mean entering into the city, capturing a tower did not have to lead to the conquest of the city. Most of these towers were hollow and equipped with elevators and underground galleries.

  • Sighișoara Clock Tower (Turnul cu Ceas) - the landmark of the city is a 64 m-high tower built in the 13th century.[5] Today it is a museum of history.
  • The Tinsmiths' Tower (Turnul Cositorarilor)
  • The Butchers' Tower (Turnul Măcelarilor)
  • The Bootmakers' Tower
  • The Tailors' Tower (Turnul Croitorilor)
  • The Furriers' Tower (Turnul Cojocarilor)
  • The Ironsmiths' Tower (Turnul Fierarilor)
  • The Ropemakers' Tower (Turnul Frânghierilor)
  • The Tanners' Tower (Turnul Tăbăcarilor)
  • The Face Tower - tower on the route to Târgu Mureș, out of the citadel, but still worth visiting thanks to its story.

Churches
  • The church on the hill (Biserica din Deal) - is undoubtedly one of the most valuable architectural monuments of the city and has been one of the most representative buildings of the gothic site of Romania.
  • The Monastery Church (Biserica Mânăstirii Dominicane) - is a gothic style architectural monument which is placed in the neighbourhood of the Clock tower and it was built at the beginning of the 13th century. It is the only church without a bell: the reason is basically that the Saxons weren't great spenders and thought that one bell, the one of the Church on the hill, was enough for the whole city.
  • The Saint Joseph Roman Catholic church
  • Leprosy Church (Biserica Leproșilor)
  • The Orthodox Cathedral of Sighișoara (Catedrala Ortodoxă)

Civil architecture

Most of the 164 houses in the city having at least 300 years old, are considered historical monuments : the City Square, with its rectangular plan, was once inhabited by noble families of the city, though it has undergone to many transformations over time. The best houses are the ones that have kept their original shape.

Strada 1 Decembrie 1918 during the 20th century
  • House on the Rock (Casa de pe stâncă)
  • House with shingles (Evert) - is dedicated to craftsmen for Educational Interethnic Centre for Youth.
  • Venetian House or Green House (Casa Venețiană)
  • Vlad Dracul's House
  • Sighișoara City Hall
  • Sighișoara hotel complex - built between 1886-1889 was the seat of city hall.
  • Indoor wooden staircase or the Scholar's Stairs
  • School on the Hill
  • The Stag House (Casa cu Cerb)
  • The Citadel Square (Piața Cetăți)
  • Casa Asociatiei Mestesugaresti (La Perla)
  • Joseph B. Teusch Building (Hotel Central Park)

Natives
Sighișoara in the Grand Duchy of Transylvania maps, 1769–1773. Josephinische Landesaufnahme

International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania

Twin towns – sister cities

Sighișoara is twinned with:

  • Transilvania Bank
  • Mircea Eliade National College
  • Sighișoara medieval festival
  • Citadel square
  • Sighișoara town hall
  • Tailors tower by night
  • Joseph Haltrich gymnasium
  • Central Sighișoara in the winter
  • 19th century reenacted drawing of Sighișoara
  • Sighișoara clock tower by night

See also

Notes
  1. "Results of the 2016 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  2. "Populaţia stabilă pe judeţe, municipii, oraşe şi localităti componenete la RPL_2011" (in Romanian). National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  3. Adrian Room, Placenames of the World, p.347. McFarland, 2006, ISBN 0-7864-2248-3.
  4. Cristian Tălângă (ed.), Transilvania, Maramureṣ, Bucovina, p.27. Editura Semne, Bucharest, 2007.
  5. Erdélyi krónika 1608-1666 (in Hungarian)
  6. 2011 census data
  7. "Miasta partnerskie - Zamość". Urząd Miasta Zamość (in Polish). Retrieved 26 July 2013.
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