Shah Mir dynasty

Shah Mir Sultanate
Shah Mir Sultanate;
	1339–1561
Capital	Srinagar
Common languages	Kashmiri, ; Persian
Religion	Islam (Sunni)
Government	Absolute Monarchy
Sultan
• 1339 - 1342	Shams-ud-Din
• 1418 - 1419 ; 1420 - 1470	Zain-ul-Abidin
History
• Established	1339
• Disestablished	1561
Currency	Gold Dinar, ; Silver Dirham, ; Copper coin.

The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent.[1] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. During the rule of the dynasty from 1339 to 1561, Islam was firmly established in Kashmir.

Origins

Srinagar

Rajauri

Budhal

Swat, Pakistan

Gilgit

Leh

Kashmir

The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat.[lower-alpha 1] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples.[3] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya، Sufi groups in Kashmir.[4]

On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna).[5][6] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir.[7][8][9]

Most modern historians accept the Swati origins of Shah Mir. Swati are Afghans came to Dir Malakand region in time of Ghaznavi. [4][10][11][12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara).[13]

A. Q. Rafiqi states:

Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (1301–1320), whose service he entered. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time.[14]

History

Shah Mir

Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339–42. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession.[15]

Jamshid

Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. In 1343, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347.[16]

Alau'd-Din

Sultan Alau'd-Din, two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din.[17]

Architecture

Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include:

Jamia Masjid of Srinagar
Jamia Masjid in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Khanqah-e-Moulah in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Aali Masjid in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar
Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Amburiq Mosque in Shigar, Gilgit-Baltistan
Chaqchan Mosque in Khaplu, Gilgit-Baltistan

Reign and Successions

Precedence	Name	AD
1	Shamsu'd-Din Shah	1339
2	Jamshed	1342
3	Ala'u'din	1343
4	Shihu'd-Din	1354
5	Qutub'd-Din	1373
6	Sikander	1389
7	Ali Shah	1413
8	Zainu'l'Abadin	1420
9	Hasan Shah	1472
10	Muhammad Shah (i)	1484
11	Fateh Shah (i)	1486
12	Muhammad Shah (ii)	1493
13	Fateh Shah (ii)	1505
14	Muhammad Shah (iii)	1514
15	Fateh Shah (ii1)	1515
16	Muhammad Shah (iv)	1517
17	Ibrahim Shah (i)	1528
18	Nazuk Shah (i)	1529
19	Muhammad Shah (v)	1530
20	Shamsu'd-Din (ii)	1537
21	Ismail Shah (i)	1540
17	Nazuk Shah (ii) (i)	1540
18	Ibrahim Shah (i)	1552
19	Ismail Shah (ii) (v)	1555
20	Habib Shah	1557–1561

[18]

Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[19]

Notes

Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam.[2]

References

Sharma, R. S. (1992), A Comprehensive History of India, Orient Longmans, p. 628, ISBN 978-81-7007-121-1
Gull, Surayia (2003), Mir Saiyid Ali Hamadani And Kubraviya Sufi Order In Kashmir, Kanikshka Publishers, Distributors, p. 3, ISBN 978-81-7391-581-9
Baloch & Rafiq 1998, pp. 311-312.
Schimmel 1980, p. 44.
Sharma, R. S. (1992), A Comprehensive History of India, Orient Longmans, p. 628, ISBN 978-81-7007-121-1, Jonaraja records two events of Suhadeva's reign (1301-20), which were of far-reaching importance and virtually changed the course of the history of Kashmir. The first was the arrival of Shah Mir in 1313. He was a Muslim condottiere from the border of Panchagahvara, an area situated to the south of the Divasar pargana in the valley of river Ans, a tributary of the Chenab.
Zutshi, N. K. (1976), Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir: an age of enlightenment, Nupur Prakashan, pp. 6–7
Wani, Nizam-ud-Din (1987), Muslim rule in Kashmir, 1554 A.D. to 1586 A.D., Jay Kay Book House, p. 29, Shamir was a Khasa by birth and descended from the chiefs of Panchagahvara.
Saxena, Savitri (1995), Geographical Survey of the Purāṇas: The Purāṇas, a Geographical Survey, Nag Publishers, pp. 360–361, ISBN 978-81-7081-333-0, In the Rajatarangini, the rulers of Rajapuri (modern Rajauri) are called the lord of Khasas and their troops as Khasas. They occupied the valleys of Ans river, now called Panjagabhar (Pancagahvara of Srivara IV 213).
Zutshi, N. K. (1976), Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir: an age of enlightenment, Nupur Prakashan, p. 7, "This area in which Panchagahvara was situated is mentioned as having been the place of habitation of the Khasa tribe. Shah Mir was, therefore, a Khasa by birth. This conclusion is further strengthened by references to the part of the Khasas increasingly played in the politics of Kashmir with which their connections became intimate after the occupation of Kashmir.
Wink 2004, p. 140"The first Muslim dynasty of Kashmir was founded in 1324 by Shah Mìrzà, who was probably an Afghan warrior from Swat or a Qarauna Turk, possibly even a Tibetan..."
Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan Das (6 December 2012), Jammu and Kashmir, Springer, pp. 19–, ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6
Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, pp. 28–, ISBN 978-1-84904-342-7
Zutshi, N. K. (1976), Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir: an age of enlightenment, Nupur Prakashan, p. 7
Baloch & Rafiq 1998, p. 312.
Baharistan-i-Shahi – Chapter 3 – EARLY SHAHMIRS
Baharistan-i-Shahi – Chapter 3 – EARLY SHAHMIRS
Baharistan-i-Shahi – Chapter 3 – EARLY SHAHMIRS
Hasan, Mohibbul (2005) [1959]. Kashmir Under the Sultans (Reprinted ed.). Delhi: Aakar Books. p. 325. ISBN 978-81-87879-49-7. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
http://coinindia.com/galleries-kashmirsultans.html

External links

Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir

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[3] Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam.[2]

[1] Sharma, R. S. (1992), A Comprehensive History of India, Orient Longmans, p. 628, ISBN 978-81-7007-121-1

[2] Gull, Surayia (2003), Mir Saiyid Ali Hamadani And Kubraviya Sufi Order In Kashmir, Kanikshka Publishers, Distributors, p. 3, ISBN 978-81-7391-581-9

[FOOTNOTEBalochRafiq1998311-312-4] Baloch & Rafiq 1998, pp. 311-312.

[FOOTNOTESchimmel198044-5] Schimmel 1980, p. 44.

[6] Sharma, R. S. (1992), A Comprehensive History of India, Orient Longmans, p. 628, ISBN 978-81-7007-121-1, Jonaraja records two events of Suhadeva's reign (1301-20), which were of far-reaching importance and virtually changed the course of the history of Kashmir. The first was the arrival of Shah Mir in 1313. He was a Muslim condottiere from the border of Panchagahvara, an area situated to the south of the Divasar pargana in the valley of river Ans, a tributary of the Chenab.

[7] Zutshi, N. K. (1976), Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir: an age of enlightenment, Nupur Prakashan, pp. 6–7

[8] Wani, Nizam-ud-Din (1987), Muslim rule in Kashmir, 1554 A.D. to 1586 A.D., Jay Kay Book House, p. 29, Shamir was a Khasa by birth and descended from the chiefs of Panchagahvara.

[9] Saxena, Savitri (1995), Geographical Survey of the Purāṇas: The Purāṇas, a Geographical Survey, Nag Publishers, pp. 360–361, ISBN 978-81-7081-333-0, In the Rajatarangini, the rulers of Rajapuri (modern Rajauri) are called the lord of Khasas and their troops as Khasas. They occupied the valleys of Ans river, now called Panjagabhar (Pancagahvara of Srivara IV 213).

[10] Zutshi, N. K. (1976), Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir: an age of enlightenment, Nupur Prakashan, p. 7, "This area in which Panchagahvara was situated is mentioned as having been the place of habitation of the Khasa tribe. Shah Mir was, therefore, a Khasa by birth. This conclusion is further strengthened by references to the part of the Khasas increasingly played in the politics of Kashmir with which their connections became intimate after the occupation of Kashmir.

[FOOTNOTEWink2004140-11] Wink 2004, p. 140"The first Muslim dynasty of Kashmir was founded in 1324 by Shah Mìrzà, who was probably an Afghan warrior from Swat or a Qarauna Turk, possibly even a Tibetan..."

[Gupta2012-12] Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan Das (6 December 2012), Jammu and Kashmir, Springer, pp. 19–, ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6

[Snedden2015-13] Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, pp. 28–, ISBN 978-1-84904-342-7

[Zutshi_p.7-14] Zutshi, N. K. (1976), Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir: an age of enlightenment, Nupur Prakashan, p. 7

[FOOTNOTEBalochRafiq1998312-15] Baloch & Rafiq 1998, p. 312.

[16] Baharistan-i-Shahi – Chapter 3 – EARLY SHAHMIRS

[17] Baharistan-i-Shahi – Chapter 3 – EARLY SHAHMIRS

[18] Baharistan-i-Shahi – Chapter 3 – EARLY SHAHMIRS

[19] Hasan, Mohibbul (2005) [1959]. Kashmir Under the Sultans (Reprinted ed.). Delhi: Aakar Books. p. 325. ISBN 978-81-87879-49-7. Retrieved 17 January 2013.

[20] ttp://coinindia.com/galleries-kashmirsultans.html

Part of a series on the
History of Kashmir

Mythological history Nilamata Purana Mythological dynasties Legend of Kashap
Ancient period Pre-Mahabharat period Pre (3500 BCE) Mahabharat period Pre (3200–2000 BCE) Early dynasties Pre (2000–500 BCE)
Middle Republican period Middle Republic (326 BCE) Late Middle Republic (34–17 BCE) Karakota Empire (489–920 CE)
Medieval period Shah Mir Dynasty (1339–1535) Chakhs (1535–1589) Mughal rule (1589–1738) Afghan rule (1738–1819) Sikh rule (1819-1846)
Early modern period Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) (1846–1947)
Late modern period Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
Related articles Rajatarangini Religious history Kalhana Nilamata Purana Military history
Jammu and Kashmir