Secret Service code name
The United States Secret Service uses code names for U.S. presidents, first ladies, and other prominent persons and locations.[1] The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity, and tradition.[2][3] The Secret Service does not choose these names, however. The White House Communications Agency assigns them.[4] WHCA was originally created as the White House Signal Detachment under Franklin Roosevelt.
President John F. Kennedy, codename "Lancer" with First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, codename "Lace"
The WHCA, an agency of the White House Military Office, is headquartered at Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling and consists of six staff elements and seven organizational units. WHCA also has supporting detachments in Washington, D.C. and various locations throughout the United States of America.
According to established protocol, good codewords are unambiguous words that can be easily pronounced and readily understood by those who transmit and receive voice messages by radio or telephone regardless of their native language. Traditionally, all family members' code names start with the same letter.
The codenames change over time for security purposes, but are often publicly known. For security, codenames are generally picked from a list of such 'good' words, but avoiding the use of common words which could likely be intended to mean their normal definitions.
Presidents of the United States and their families
- Woodrow Wilson
- Edith Wilson – Grandma[5]
- Franklin D. Roosevelt
- Eleanor Roosevelt – Rover[6]
- Harry S. Truman – General[4] or Supervise[7][8]
- Bess Truman – Sunnyside[7][8][9]
- Dwight Eisenhower – Scorecard[1] or Providence[7][8][10]
- Mamie Eisenhower – Springtime[7][8][9][10][11]
- David Eisenhower – Sahara[11]
- John F. Kennedy – Lancer[7][8][10][12]
- Jacqueline Kennedy – Lace[7][8][10][13]
- Caroline Kennedy – Lyric[10]
- John F. Kennedy, Jr. – Lark[14]
- Rose Kennedy – Coppertone[7][15]
- Ethel Kennedy – Sundance[7]
- Lyndon Johnson – Volunteer[7][8][10]
- Lady Bird Johnson – Victoria[7][8][10][16]
- Lynda Bird Johnson – Velvet[10][17]
- Luci Baines Johnson – Venus[7][10]
- Richard Nixon – Searchlight[7][8][10][11][11][12]
- Pat Nixon – Starlight[7][10]
- Patricia Nixon Cox – Sugarfoot[11][18]
- Edward F. Cox – Seminole[11]
- Julie Nixon Eisenhower – Sunbonnet[11][18]
- Gerald Ford – Passkey[7][8] or Pass Key[10]
- Betty Ford – Pinafore[7][10][19]
- Susan Ford – Panda[7][10][20]
- Michael Ford – Professor[10]
- Jack Ford – Packman[10]
- Jimmy Carter – Lock Master[7] or Deacon[8][9][10][12]
- Rosalynn Carter – Lotus Petal[7] or Dancer[8][9][10]
- Amy Carter – Dynamo[9][10][21]
- Chip Carter – Diamond[15]
- Jack Carter – Derby[15]
- Jeff Carter – Deckhand[15]
- Ronald Reagan – Rawhide[7][8][10][12][22]
- Nancy Reagan – Rainbow[7][8][10]
- Maureen Reagan – Rhyme,[7] Rosebud[7][23]
- Michael Reagan – Riddler[7][23]
- Patti Davis – Ribbon[7][10]
- Ron Reagan – Reliant[7][10]
- Doria Reagan – Radiant[7][10]
- George H. W. Bush – Timberwolf[7][8][10]
- Bill Clinton – Eagle[8][10]
- Hillary Clinton – Evergreen[8][10]
- Chelsea Clinton – Energy[10]
- George W. Bush – Tumbler,[7][8][25] later Trailblazer[8][10][22]
- Barack Obama – Renegade[7][12][22][27]
- Donald Trump – Mogul[31][32]
- Melania Trump – Muse[32]
- Donald Trump Jr. – Mountaineer[33]
- Ivanka Trump – Marvel
- Eric Trump – Marksman[33]
- Jared Kushner - Mechanic[34]
Vice presidents of the United States and their families
- Spiro Agnew – Pathfinder[11]
- Judy Agnew – Photograph[11]
- Nelson Rockefeller – Sandstorm[15][35]
- Happy Rockefeller – Shooting Star or Stardust[35]
- Walter Mondale – Cavalier[7][9] or Dragon[15]
- Joan Mondale – Cameo[7][9][15]
- Ted Mondale – Centurion[7][15]
- Eleanor Mondale – Calico[7][15]
- William Mondale – Chessman
- Dan Quayle – Scorecard[7] or Supervisor[7][15]
- Marilyn Quayle – Sunshine[7][15]
.jpg)
From left to right: President Bill Clinton, codename "Eagle"; Chelsea Clinton, codename "Energy"; Senator Hillary Clinton, codename "Evergreen"; Vice President Al Gore, codename "Sundance".
- Al Gore – Sundance[8][15][27] or Sawhorse[7]
- Tipper Gore – Skylark[7][36]
- Karenna Gore – Smurfette[7][12][22][37]
- Kristin Gore – Silhouette[7]
- Sarah Gore – Screwdriver[7]
- Albert Gore III – Shortstop[7]
- Dick Cheney – Angler[7][8][12][15]
- Lynne Cheney – Author[7][38]
- Elizabeth Cheney – Apollo[39]
- Mary Cheney – Alpine[7][8]
- Joe Biden – Celtic[7][8][40]
- Jill Biden – Capri[7][8][41]
- Mike Pence – Hoosier[32]
- Karen Pence – Hummingbird[32]
Political candidates and their spouses
U.S. Secret Service codenames are often given to high-profile political candidates (such as presidential and vice presidential candidates), and their respective families and spouses who are assigned U.S. Secret Service protection. These codenames often differ from those held if they are elected or those from prior periods if they held positions needing codenames.
1968
- Eugene McCarthy – Instructor[7][15]
1972
- George McGovern – Redwood[42]
1976
- Jimmy Carter – Dasher or Deacon[43]
- Bob Dole – Ramrod[7][44][45]
- Elizabeth Dole – Rainbow[44][45]
- Morris Udall – Dashboard[46]
1980
- John B. Anderson – Miracle,[7] Starburst[7] or Stardust[7][15]
- George H. W. Bush – Sheepskin (During 1980 Campaign) [48]
- Phil Crane – Swordfish[7][15]
- Ted Kennedy – Sunburn[7][12][15]
1984
- Geraldine Ferraro – Duster[49]
- John Zaccaro – N/A (Declined Secret Service Protection)[50]
- John Glenn – Iron[51]
- Jesse Jackson – Thunder[7][15][44][49][51][52]
- Walter Mondale – Dragon[49][51]
1988
- Lloyd Bentsen – Parthenon[53]
- Michael Dukakis – Peso[7]
- Kitty Dukakis – Panda[53]
- Jesse Jackson – Pontiac[15][52]
- Gary Hart – Redwood[7][15]
- Paul Simon – Scarlett[54]
1996
2000
- Joe Lieberman – Laser[53][57]
- Hadassah Lieberman – Liberty[58]
2004
- John Kerry – Minuteman[27][59]
- Teresa Heinz Kerry – Mahogany[59]
- John Edwards – Speedway[53]
2008
- Hillary Clinton – Evergreen[10][38]
- Bill Clinton – Eagle[10]
- John McCain – Phoenix[7][8][60]
- Cindy McCain – Parasol[7][8][12][60]
- Meghan McCain – Peter Sellers (Peter)[61]
- John Sidney McCain IV – Popeye[61]
- Bridget McCain – Pebbles[61]
- Sarah Palin – Denali[8][62]
- Todd Palin – Driller[8][62]
2012
- Mitt Romney – Javelin[12][63]
- Ann Romney – Jockey[64]
- Rick Santorum – Petrus[12][63]
- Newt Gingrich – T-Rex[65]
- Paul Ryan – Bowhunter[12][66]
2016
- Donald Trump – Mogul
- Ben Carson – Eli[31]
- Hillary Clinton – Evergreen[31]
- Bill Clinton – Eagle[32]
- Tim Kaine – Daredevil[53]
- Bernie Sanders – Intrepid[67]
Government officials
- Kennedy Administration
- Cabinet
- Staff
- Rear Adm. George Burkley (Physician to the president) – Market[68][69]
- General Chester Clifton – Watchman[7][68]
- Andrew Hatcher – Winner[7]
- Malcolm Kilduff – Warrior[7][68]
- Evelyn Lincoln – Willow[68]
- Godfrey McHugh – Wing[68]
- Kenneth O'Donnell – Wand[68]
- Captain Tazewell Shepard (Naval Aide) – Witness[68]
- Lyndon Johnson Administration
- Staff
- Walter Jenkins – Vigilant[68]
- Pierre Salinger – Wayside[7][68][70]
- Staff
- Nixon Administration
- Cabinet
- Henry Kissinger – Woodcutter[7][11][71]
- Nancy Kissinger – Woodlark[72]
- Henry Kissinger – Woodcutter[7][11][71]
- Staff
- Ollie Atkins (White House photographer) – Hawkeye[11]
- James Baker – Fencing Master or Foxtail[15]
- Dwight Chapin – Watchdog[11]
- Kenneth Reese Cole Jr. – Spectator[11]
- John Ehrlichman – Wisdom[7][11][15]
- Tim Elbourne (White House aide) – Snapshot[11]
- Alexander Haig – Claw Hammer[7]
- H. R. Haldeman – Welcome[7][11][15]
- Lawrence Higby – Semaphore[11]
- James D. Hughes – Red Barron[11]
- Herbert G. Klein – Witness[11]
- William Lukash (Physician to the president) – Sawhorse[9][11]
- Clark MacGregor – Whipcrack[11]
- William Timmons – Windowpane[11]
- Walter Tkach (Physician to the president) – Signature[11]
- Ronald H. Walker – Roadrunner[11]
- Rose Mary Woods – Strawberry[7][11][15]
- Ron Ziegler – Whale Boat[7][11][15]
- Ken W. Clawson – Thunderstorm[73]
- Cabinet
- Ford Administration
- Staff
- Ron Nessen – Clam Chowder[7][15]
- Dick Cheney – Backseat[74]
- Staff
- Carter Administration
- Cabinet
- Cyrus Vance – Fade Away[9]
- Harold Brown – Finley[9]
- Staff
- Zbigniew Brzeziński – Hawkeye[7][9][15]
- Bert Lance – Dumbo[75]
- Cabinet
- Reagan Administration
- William French Smith – Flivver[7]
- Terrel Bell – Foxcraft[7]
- George W. Bush Administration
- Scott McClellan – Matrix (generic name for White House press secretary)[76]
- Andy Card – Potomac,[8] later Patriot [7][8][77]
- Josh Bolten – Fatboy[7][8][77]
- Elaine Chao – Firebird[7][8]
- Obama Administration
- Rahm Emanuel – Black Hawk[78]
- Tim Geithner – Fencing Master (generic codename for Secretary of the Treasury)[79]
- Trump Administration
- Kellyanne Conway – Blueberry[80]
- H.R. McMaster - Braveheart
Congressional officials
- Strom Thurmond – Footprint[7][15]
- Howard Baker – Snapshot[7][15][81]
- Thomas P. O'Neill – Flag Day[9]
Other individuals
Queen Elizabeth II, codename "Kittyhawk".
- Israel
- Menachem Begin – Cedar[7]
- Hasia Begin Milo – Crystal[7]
- Menachem Begin – Cedar[7]
- Commonwealth Realms
- United States
- Bebe Rebozo – Christopher[7]
- Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd – Mrs. Johnson[83]
- Frank Sinatra – Napoleon[7][84]
- Vatican
- Pope John Paul II – Halo[7][22]
Locations, objects, and places
U.S. Secret Service codenames are not only given to people, they are often given to places, locations and even objects, such as aircraft like Air Force One, and vehicles such as the Presidential State Car.
- Joint Base Andrews – Acrobat or Andy[85]
- The Presidential Motorcade – Bamboo[85]
- The Harry S Truman Building (Department of State headquarters) – Birds-eye[85]
- Camp David – Cactus[85] or Buckeye
- The Vice President's office – Cobweb[85]
- The Vice President's staff – Pacemaker[85]
- The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City – Roadhouse[85]
- Air Force One – Angel or Cowpuncher[85]
- The U.S. Presidential State Car – Stagecoach[35]
- Follow-up car – Halfback[35]
- The White House – Castle (Crown referring to the Executive Mansion, the central representative and office spaces of the White House)[86]
- The Capitol – Punch bowl[87]
- The White House Situation Room – Cement Mixer[87]
- Eisenhower Executive Office Building (part of the White House Complex) – Central[88]
- Reagan National Airport – Curbside [87]
- The temporary residence of the President – Charcoal or Base [88]
- The Pentagon – Calico[88]
- White House garage – Carpet[88]
- J. Edgar Hoover Building (FBI Headquarters) – Cork[88]
- Lyndon Baines Johnson's ranch – Volcano[88]
In fiction
In popular culture, the practice of assigning codenames is often used to provide additional verisimilitude in fictional works about the executive branch, or high-ranking governmental figures.
- 1600 Penn
- First Son Standrich "Skip" Gilchrist Jr. — Meatball
- 24
- President Wayne Palmer – Citadel
- President Allison Taylor – Liberty
- The American President
- Andrew Shepherd – Liberty[89]
- Chasing Liberty
- First Daughter Anna Foster – Liberty[90]
- First Daughter
- Samantha Mackenzie – Lucky Charm[91]
- First Kid
- Homeland
- President Elizabeth Keane – Big Apple
- In the Line of Fire
- The President – Traveler[93]
- Jericho
- President Jon Tomarchio – Condor[94]
- Olympus Has Fallen
- The White House – Olympus
- President Benjamin Asher – Southpaw
- President's Son Connor – Sparkplug
- Special agent in charge – Big Top
- The Sentinel
- Tom Clancy's novels
- President Roger Durling in Debt of Honor – Jumper
- Unnamed President in Clear and Present Danger – Wrangler[96]
- Unnamed President in Endwar – American Eagle
- President Jack Ryan in Debt of Honor and Executive Orders – Swordsman[97]
- Dr. Caroline "Cathy" Ryan in Executive Orders – Surgeon[98]
- Olivia "Sally" Ryan in Executive Orders – Shadow[98]
- Jack Ryan, Jr in Executive Orders – Shortstop[98]
- Katie Ryan in Executive Orders – Sandbox[98]
- Kyle Daniel Ryan in The Bear and the Dragon – Sprite[99]
- George Winston (Secretary of the Treasury) in Executive Orders – Trader[100]
- Arnold Van Damm (White House Chief of Staff) in Executive Orders and The Bear and the Dragon – Carpenter[99]
- Callie Weston (Chief Speechwriter) in Executive Orders and The Bear and the Dragon – Calliope[99]
- Scott Adler (Secretary of State) in Executive Orders and The Bear and the Dragon – Eagle[101]
- Benjamin Goodley (National Security Advisor) in Executive Orders – Cardsharp[102]
- Elizabeth Eliot (National Security Advisor) in The Sum of All Fears – Harpy
- The West Wing
- President Jed Bartlet – Eagle[103] or Liberty[104]
- Zoey Bartlet – Bookbag[105]
- C. J. Cregg – Flamingo[106]
- Sam Seaborn – Princeton[106]
- Gus Westin (grandson of Jed Bartlet) – Tonka[107]
- Arnold Vinick – Big Sur[108]
- The Prodigal Daughter
- President Florentyna Kane – Baroness[109]
- Vantage Point
- Henry Ashton – Eagle
- The Last Jihad
- President James MacPherson – Gambit
- Vice President Lewis Rhodes – Topeka
- Vice President Bill Oaks – Checkmate
- Shooter
- President – Flashlight
- Triggers
- President Seth Jerrison – Prospector
- Vice President Paddy Flaherty – Rockhound
- Air Force One
- President James Marshall – Boy Scout
- House of Cards
- Frank Underwood – Little John (as Vice President), Big John (as President)
- President Claire Underwood (Season 6)—Lone Star
- Scandal
- President Fitzgerald Grant – Falcon
- First Lady Mellie Grant – Foxtail
- Abby Whelan (as Chief of Staff) – Fireband
- Veep
- President/Vice President Selina Meyer – Duchess
- Madam Secretary
- President Conrad Dalton – Falcon
- Secretary Elizabeth McCord – Bluebird
- Designated Survivor
- Thomas "Tom" Kirkman – Glasses (as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development), Phoenix (as President)
See also
- CIA cryptonym
- 00 Agent#Origin of nomenclature
- List of nicknames of United States Presidents
References
- "Junior Secret Service Program: Assignment 7. Code Names". National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
- "Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used On The Campaign Trail". RSSattr=Politics_4452073. CBS. 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- "OBAMA'S SECRET SERVICE CODE NAME REVEALED". Eurweb. 2008-09-16. Archived from the original on 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- Huppke, Rex W. (2008-11-10). "'Renegade' joins 'Twinkle,' 'Rawhide,' 'Lancer' on list of Secret Service code names". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- One Nation Under Sex: How the Private Lives of Presidents, First Ladies and Their Lovers Changed the Course of American History
- "(PBS) FDR transcript".
Eleanor Roosevelt hurled herself into the war effort with all the energy that she had brought to the New Deal. During the course of the war, she traveled the world, visiting American soldiers everywhere. The Secret Service gave her the code name "Rover."
- The Secret Service of Alan Kahn By Steven Scher
- Kessler, Ronald (2009). In the President's Secret Service: Behind the Scenes with Agents in the Line of Fire and the Presidents They Protect. Crown Publishing Group.
- Jerald F. TerHorst; Ralph Albertazzie (1979). The flying White House: the story of Air Force One. Bantam Books.
- Walsh, Kenneth T. (2003). "Appendix". Air Force One: A History of the Presidents and Their Planes. Hyperion. p. 227. ISBN 1-4013-0004-9.
- Anne Collins Walker. China Calls: Paving the Way for Nixon's Historic Journey to China.
- 11 Great Secret Service Code Names
- Taraborrelli, Randy J. (2000). Jackie, Ethel, Joan: The Women of Camelot. Warner Books. p. 15. ISBN 0-446-52426-3. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
- "JFK Jr.: As Child and Man, America's Crown Prince". Washington Post. 1999-07-18. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
- "NNDB List of Secret Service Codenames". Retrieved 2008-02-25.
- Caesar died in Dallas
- Lynda Out of the Woods
- "The First Daughters Club: Life after the Whitehouse".
- Mrs Ford tells story different than Ron Nessen Lakeland Ledger – May 18, 1978
- Susan Ford serious about photography job
- Watson, Robert P (2004). Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. SUNY Press. p. 111.
- "'Secret' Obama code name revealed". BBC. 13 November 2008.
- Reagan, Maureen. First Father, First Daughter. Little, Brown and Company. p. 329. ISBN 0-316-73636-8.
- Sawler, Harvey. Saving Mrs. Kennedy. General Store Publishing House. p. 73. ISBN 1-897113-10-2.
- "Obama becomes 'Renegade' on U.S. secret service list". Moscow News №45 2008. Moscow News. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
- Woodward, Bob (2002). Bush at War: Inside the Bush White House. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-0473-6.
- Kornblut, Anne E. (2007-06-17). "'Renegade' Joins Race For White House: Obama Is Given Code Name by Secret Service". Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
- "Bloomberg Politics". 2008-03-11. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
- "First-family-to-be given code names". Chicago Tribune. 2008-11-09. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- Obama, Michelle. Becoming.
- Just call him ‘Mogul’ – Trump getting Secret Service code name
- Here are the Secret Service codenames for Trump, Pence
- "How Trump's Eldest Children Have Been Handling the WH Transition". ABC News. 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
- The Trump family's Secret Service code names
- Petro, Joseph; Jeffrey Robinson (2005). Standing Next to History: An Agent's Life Inside the Secret Service. Macmillan. p. 52. ISBN 0-312-33221-1.
- "What's In A Code Name? It's Not Much Of A Secret". Orlando Sentinel. July 17, 1993. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
- "Part 3 – By Karenna Gore". Slate. 1997-01-21. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- Keyes, Alexa (March 21, 2012). "Top Not-So- Secret Service Codenames". ABC News. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
- William M. Arkin (10 September 2013). American Coup: How a Terrified Government Is Destroying the Constitution. Little, Brown. pp. 135–. ISBN 978-0-316-25125-9.
- Schor, Elana (2008-09-12). "What's in a (Secret Service code) name". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
- Candidate Code Names: Secret Service Monikers Used On The Campaign Trail
- "The last days of George McGovern?". The Village Voice. November 2, 1972.
- Carter character and career analyzed anew
- Harlan Daily Enterprise – Sep 21, 1987 Jack Anderson – Secret Service Gears up for the Campaign
- Daily Union – Oct 29, 1976 Rainbow Enjoys Campaign
- Code names give insight into candidates – The Telegraph – Mar 15, 1987
- Keke Anderson: I'm a mother, not a fighter Boca Raton News – Oct 16, 1980
- Texas Next: Can Carter win there? Spokane Daily Chronicle – Apr 28, 1980
- Duster: Women can do anything The Southeast Missourian – Nov 5, 1984
- Personality Spotlight:John Zaccaro: Husband of Geraldine Ferraro
- Thunder on the Campaign Trail
- Secret Service says nothing Racist about Jackson Code Name
- The Fix-Here are the 2016 candidates’ Secret Service code names — and your own
- Codename: Scarlett
- High Season for the Secret Service
- On The Sidelines Joanne Kemp Is Very Comfortable Staying Well Out Of The Spotlight
- Lieberman Gets D.c. Dough
- Aboard The Estrogen Express
- "CNN Transcript, Aired July 29, 2004 – 14:33 ET". Retrieved 2008-03-10.
- "'Phoenix' and 'Parasol'". The Washington Post. 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
- "Twitter / McCainBlogette: my dad was Phoenix, mom Parasol". Twitter.com. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
- "Palin Code Name: 'Denali'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
- Ambinder, Marc (2012-03-19). "Exclusive: GQ Reveals Romney's and Santorum's Secret Service Code Names". GQ. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
- Ambinder, Marc (2012-11-08). "How the Secret Service Said Goodbye to Mitt Romney". GQ. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
- Martin Bashir Aired on April 27, 2012
- Ambinder, Marc (2012-09-04). "Exclusive: GQ Reveals Paul Ryan's Secret Service Code Name!". GQ. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
- Sanders’s Secret Service code name revealed
- Manchester, William. The Death of a President: November 20 – November 25, 1963.
- JFK's Back Overplayed
- "November 22, 1963".
- Isaacson, Walter (1992). Kissinger: A Biography. Simon and Schuster. p. 314. ISBN 0-7432-8697-9.
- "Personality Parade". The Spokesman-Review. July 6, 1974.
- "Sunday Special". The Toledo Blade. July 13, 1974.
- "Candidates – Dick Cheney". Retrieved November 25, 2013.
- The Miami News – Aug 29, 1977 Deacon & Dumbo
- McClellan, Scott (2008). What Happened: Inside the Bush White House and Washington's Culture of Deception. Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-556-6.
- Kessler, Ronald (December 22, 2008). "Washington Post Becomes a Fair Newspaper". Newsmax. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
- The Atlantic – Revealed: Rahm Emanuel's Secret Service Code Name
- Politico – Finding the inner Geithner
- Lawrence Journal-World – Dec 24, 1989 Family photos you'll treasure
- Hickman, Leo (2008-11-14). "The secret service name game: Barack Obama is codenamed 'Renegade' – but what secret service names would you choose for our UK VIPs". Guardian UK. London: Guardian News and Media Limited 2008. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
- "Sex and the Secret Service".
- Loizeau, Pierre-Marie (2004). Nancy Reagan: The Woman Behind the Man. Nova Publishers. p. 91. ISBN 1-59033-759-X.
- Williams, Stephen P. (2004). How to be President. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-4316-5.
- William Manchester, The Death of a President, 1967 – 'vocabulary' pages
- "Project226". Archived from the original on 2012-03-08.
- Manchester, William (1967). The Death of a President.
- The American President script
- Andy Cadiff (director) (2004). Chasing Liberty (Film/DVD). Los Angeles, USA: Warner Brothers.
- First Daughter – Memorable Quotes
- "First Kid review". Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
- In the Line of Fire script
- List of jericho episodes#Season 2
- Gillespie, Eleanor Ringel. "'The Sentinel': Smart action, familiar plot". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia: Cox Newspapers. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
- Clancy, Thomas (August 1990) [1989]. "12. The Curtain on SHOWBOAT". Clear and Present Danger (Large Print ed.). Thorndike, Maine: Thorndike Press. pp. multiple, incl. p. 391. ISBN 0-89621-930-5.
- Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. pp. multiple. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. p. 212. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. p. 482. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. p. 557. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. p. 131. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- Clancy, Thomas (1996). Executive Orders. Putnam. p. 527. ISBN 0-399-14218-5.
- "The West Wing Transcripts – Episode 102". Retrieved 2007-08-10.
- "The West Wing Transcripts – Episode 108". Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- "The West Wing Transcripts – Episode 509". Retrieved 2007-05-15.
- "The West Wing Transcripts – Episode 110". Retrieved 2009-01-21.
- "The West Wing Transcripts – Episode 509". Retrieved 2010-09-21.
- "The West Wing, Episode 7.03, LiveDash TV Transcript". Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- Archer, Jeffrey (1982). The Prodigal Daughter. St. Martin's Paperbacks. p. 496. ISBN 978-0-312-99714-4.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.