Scarborough Fair (ballad)

The lyrics of "Scarborough Fair" appear to have something in common with a Scottish ballad titled "The Elfin Knight" (Child Ballad #2), collected by Francis James Child,[2] which has been traced as far back as 1670. In this ballad, an elf threatens to abduct a young woman to be his lover unless she can perform an impossible task ("For thou must shape a sark to me / Without any cut or heme, quoth he"); she responds with a list of tasks that he must first perform ("I have an aiker of good ley-land / Which lyeth low by yon sea-strand").

Dozens of versions existed by the end of the 18th century. A number of older versions refer to locations other than Scarborough Fair, including Wittingham Fair, Cape Ann, "twixt Berwik and Lyne", etc. Many versions do not mention a place-name and are often generically titled ("The Lovers' Tasks", "My Father Gave Me an Acre of Land", etc.).

The references to the traditional English fair, "Scarborough Fair" and the refrain "parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme" date to 19th century versions and the refrain may have been borrowed from the ballad Riddles Wisely Expounded, (Child Ballad #1), which has a similar plot.

The lyrics, as published by Frank Kidson, begin:

"O, where are you going?" "To Scarborough fair,"
  Savoury sage, rosemary, and thyme;
"Remember me to a lass who lives there,
  For once she was a true love of mine.

"And tell her to make me a cambric shirt,
  Savoury sage, rosemary, and thyme,
Without any seam or needlework,
  And then she shall be a true love of mine.

"And tell her to wash it in yonder dry well,
  Savoury sage, rosemary, and thyme,
Where no water sprung, nor a drop of rain fell,
  And then she shall be a true love of mine."[3]

— Stanzas 1-3

The earliest commercial recording of the ballad was by actor/singers Gordon Heath and Lee Payant, Americans who ran a cafe and nightclub, L'Abbaye, on the Rive Gauche in Paris. They recorded the song on the Elektra album Encores From The Abbaye in 1955.

The song was also included on A. L. Lloyd's 1955 album The English And Scottish Popular Ballads, using Kidson's melody. The version using the melody later used by Simon & Garfunkel in "Scarborough Fair/Canticle" was first recorded on a 1956 album, English Folk Songs, by Audrey Coppard.[4] It was included by Ewan MacColl on Matching Songs For The British Isles And America (1957), and by MacColl and Peggy Seeger on The Singing Island (1960). MacColl wrote a book of Teesdale folk songs after hearing Mark Anderson sing in the late 1940s. The book included Anderson's rendition of a little-known song called "Scarborough Fair".

In April 1966, Marianne Faithfull recorded and released her own take on "Scarborough Fair" on her album North Country Maid about six months prior to Simon & Garfunkel's release of their single version of the song in October 1966.[5]

Simon & Garfunkel version

"Scarborough Fair/Canticle"
Side-A label of the 1968 US vinyl single
Single by Simon & Garfunkel
from the album Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme
B-side	"April Come She Will"
Released	February 1968 (1968-02) (single) 10 October 1966 (1966-10-10) (album)
Format	7"
Recorded	26 July 1966
Genre	Psychedelic folk baroque pop progressive folk
Length	3:10 (single edit) 6:22 (The Graduate soundtrack)
Label	Columbia
Songwriter(s)	"Scarborough Fair": Traditional "Canticle": Paul Simon, Art Garfunkel
Producer(s)	Bob Johnston
Simon & Garfunkel singles chronology
"Fakin' It" (1967) "Scarborough Fair/Canticle" (1968) "Mrs. Robinson" (1968)
Music video
"Scarborough Fair / Canticle" (audio) on YouTube
Alternative release
Cover of the 1968 Netherlands single

Paul Simon learned the song in London in 1965 from Martin Carthy,[6][7] who had picked up the tune from the songbook by Ewan MacColl and Peggy Seeger[8] and included it on his eponymous 1965 album. Simon & Garfunkel set it in counterpoint with "Canticle" – a reworking of the lyrics from Simon's 1963 anti-war song, "The Side of a Hill",[9] set to a new melody composed mainly by Art Garfunkel.[8][10] "Scarborough Fair/Canticle" was the lead track of the 1966 album Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme, and was released as a single after being featured on the soundtrack to The Graduate in 1968.[8] The copyright credited only Simon and Garfunkel as the authors, causing ill-feeling on the part of Carthy, who felt the "traditional" source should have been credited.[8] This rift remained until Simon invited Carthy to perform the song with him as a duet at a London concert in 2000.[8] Simon performed this song with The Muppets when he guest starred on The Muppet Show.

Before Simon had learned the song, Bob Dylan had borrowed the melody and several lines from Carthy's arrangement to create his song, "Girl from the North Country",[11] which featured on The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan (1963), Nashville Skyline (1969) (together with Johnny Cash), Real Live (1984) and The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration (1993).