Sand goanna

John Edward Gray described the species in 1838 as Hydrosaurus gouldii,[2] noting the source of the type specimen as "New Holland" and distinguishing the new varanid by "two yellow streaks on the sides of the neck" and small flat scales at the orbits.[1] An earlier description, Tupinambis endrachtensis Péron, F. 1807, was determined as likely to refer to this animal, but the epithet gouldii was conserved and a new specimen designated as the type.[4][2] This neotype was obtained in 1997 at the near coastal suburb of Karrakatta, between the state's capital and port cities, and placed with the British Museum of Natural History. The decision of a nomenclatural commission (ICZN) was to issue an opinion suppressing the earlier names, Tupinambis endrachtensis and Hydrosaurus ocellarius Blyth, 1868, that would be unsatisfactory to some who had commented on the case, but provided taxonomic certainty for future revisions of the associated taxa.[5]

The specific name is assumed to be a Latinised form of an associate of the describing author, the ornithologist John Gould, who was actively assembling specimens of fauna from Australia but is not thought to have any direct connection to this species.[4]

In some Aboriginal languages, the sand goanna is called bungarra,[6] a term also commonly used by non-Aboriginal people in Western Australia. In Pitjantjatjara and other central Australian languages it is called "Tingka".

Two subspecies are recognised,

• Varanus gouldii gouldii (Schlegel, 1837) – Gould's goanna
• Varanus gouldii flavirufus Mertens, 1958 – desert sand monitor

Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Varanus.

Eromanga, Queensland

A species of Varanus, lizards known as monitors and goannas, that is found in a variety of habitat. Due to the taxonomic uncertainty during the twentieth century the species form and behaviour has included taxa later recognised as distinct species, this includes V. rosenbergi, formerly treated as a subspecies and later elevated, and V. panoptes, described as a new species in 1980 and resolved as a legitimate publication in 2000.[5][7]

Gould's monitor is a terrestrial or "ground-dwelling" reptile that excavates large burrows for shelter. Rock escarpments and tree hollows are also suitable dwellings. V. gouldii inhabits a vast range throughout Australia, and reaches an average length of 140 cm (4.6 ft) and can weigh as much as 6 kg (13 lb). They can be found in northern and eastern Australia, where they inhabit open woodlands and grasslands. V. g. flavirufus, a slightly smaller subspecies, resides in Australia's interior. In some places, however, the ranges of Gould's, V. g. flavirufus and the Argus monitor overlap. The similarities between the species and their close proximity frequently cause confusion.

Northern Territory

The sand monitor is a relentless forager. It is diurnal, meaning most of its activities take place during the day. Anything smaller than itself will be eagerly devoured. The diets of hatchlings and juveniles often consist mostly of insects and small lizards, but generally varies more with age. Adult monitors will prey on mice, small birds, large insects, small lizard species, snakes, and carrion. They are seemingly immune to snake venom and will kill and eat even the most venomous species such as the Inland taipan. The sand goanna does consume smaller species of monitors: Ackies, rock monitors and other dwarf species are often found and eaten. It is common to see a Gould's disturbing rock piles in an attempt to flush out any Odatria. It lays its eggs in termite mounds to protect them from the harsh desert climate.

Like all goannas and snakes the sand monitor has a forked tongue, with which it "tastes" the air. Scents are picked up on each side of the fork which, when retracted, brushes over an area in the mouth called the Jacobson's organ, which identifies on which side the scent is stronger. Upon identifying this difference in scent strength the sand monitor can alter its direction accordingly.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sand goanna.

• Photo of Varanus gouldii at AROD.com.au
• Photo of Varanus gouldii at Pbase.com
• Cogger, H. (1967). Australian Reptiles in Colour. Sydney: A. H. & A. W. Reed. ISBN 0-589-07012-6.
• King, Dennis; Green, Brian (1999). Goannas: The Biology of Varanid Lizards. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 0-86840-456-X.
• Bush, Brian; Maryan, Brad; Browne-Cooper, Robert; Robinson, David (1995). A guide to the reptiles and frogs of the Perth region. Nedlands: UWA Press. ISBN 1-875560-42-4.
• Thompson, G. G. (1995). "Foraging patterns and behaviours, body postures and movement speed for goannas, Varanus gouldii (Reptilia: Varanidae), in a semi-urban environment" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. 78 (4): 107–114.

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  Sand monitor walking tracks in sand.
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  Bungarra at the Gidgee Gold Mine.
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  Bungarra at the Sunrise Dam Gold Mine.
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  South-west Western Australia
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  Chace ranges, South Australia
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  Mungo National Park, NSW, Australia
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  camera lure