Red (King Crimson album)

Near the conclusion of King Crimson's 1974 US and Canada tour, the decision was made to kick David Cross out of the band. EG, the band's management, urged Fripp not to tell Cross until after the final date of the tour, but he would not be able to anyway; he would not return from the United States until after Cross would return to Europe. Fripp reached an agreement with EG that they would tell Cross, "on proviso that [he] is told that I objected to not telling him personally." Despite reaching this agreement, Cross would not be told about the decision for him to leave the band until the day before the recording of Red began.[1] In his stead, the band brought back several contributors to past albums: Robin Miller on oboe, Marc Charig on cornet, Ian McDonald and Mel Collins on saxophone, as well as an uncredited cellist.[2]

Red sees King Crimson follow in the direction established by their previous two albums, Larks' Tongues in Aspic and Starless and Bible Black, but in contrast to those albums, Red features more layered production with several guitar overdubs on certain tracks, as well as the return of earlier instrumentation such as saxophone. Red having a heavier tone was largely due to the influence of the rhythm section of John Wetton and Bill Bruford, which Fripp has referred to as "the flying brick wall". During the recording of the album, Fripp took a "backseat" when making large decisions.[3] He had decided to take "a year's sabbatical ... at Bennett's Institute,"[4] and offered the idea of McDonald rejoining the band in his absence to EG. When this idea was met with disinterest, Fripp abruptly disbanded King Crimson on 24 September 1974, and Red was released a month later.[5]

Much of the material on Red has origins in improvisation. Motifs that would eventually be used for "Fallen Angel" were first played by Robert Fripp in 1972, as part of improvs performed with the quintet lineup that would record Larks' Tongues In Aspic. These improvisations are documented as "Fallen Angel" and "Fallen Angel Hullabaloo" in the Larks' Tongues in Aspic: The Complete Recordings box set, as well as standalone releases of their respective concerts. The distinctive introduction to "One More Red Nightmare" was also deployed by John Wetton and Robert Fripp in various improvs throughout 1974, which can be heard in the Starless (box set) and The Road to Red box sets. One notable performance is titled "The Golden Walnut". Lastly, "Providence" itself was an improv, taken from the group's show on 30 June in Providence, Rhode Island. It has been included in its uncut form as part of various live sets, such as The Great Deceiver, as well as the 40th Anniversary Edition of Red itself.

"Red" was composed solely by Robert Fripp. In an analysis of the piece by Andrew Keeling, he describes "Red" as "an instrumental piece scored for electric guitar (multi-tracked X3), bass guitar and drums," as well as "one of the more muscular pieces of Robert Fripp's, in particular the deployment of open strings and heavily attacked and syncopated bass and drums."[6] In an online diary from 2012, Robert Fripp speaks about the development of "Red": "A motif; moved from [the missing piece] "Blue" to "Red": the opening and closing theme of "Red" itself. The driving, relentless figure that follows it, and the middle figure played by the basses, weren't enough for a complete piece."[7] Speaking about it in the book accompanying the Larks' Tongues in Aspic: The Complete Recordings box set, he says, "After we had just recorded the track "Red" in [Olympic Studios] ... we played it back and Bill said, 'I don't get it, but if you tell me it's good, I trust you.' ... I said, 'We don't have to use it.' John was in no doubt: 'We'll use it.'"[8] An unused variation of the song's middle section would later emerge in 1983, during the writing rehearsals for Three of a Perfect Pair. Though it went unused, it finally saw light in 1995, more than two decades later, as the middle section of the instrumental "VROOOM VROOOM" on THRAK.[9]

"Starless" was originally written by Wetton, with the intent of it being the title track for Starless and Bible Black. At the time, the piece consisted only of the vocal section of the song, and Wetton claims that it got a "cold reception" from both Robert Fripp and Bill Bruford. Later, an introductory theme was written by Robert Fripp and performed on violin by David Cross, and two additional sections were added after the vocal, one being contributed by Bruford.[10] The final section reprises various themes from earlier in the song, and it also re-uses a bass part which was originally written for the song "Fracture".[11] This early arrangement of "Fracture" can be heard on discs 1 and 25 of the Starless box set, as well as the standalone releases of their respective concerts. The lyrics went through several iterations, with one early verse later included by Wetton in "Caesar's Palace Blues," a song he would perform with U.K.[12] Since the title "Starless and Bible Black" was already used for an improvisation on the group's previous album, the song's title was shortened to "Starless".[10] On Red, "Starless" is credited to the quartet, as well as lyricist Richard Palmer-James.

The lyrics to the three songs on the album were not originally included as part of the packaging for the album, unlike all previous Crimson studio albums, which always had lyrics printed either on the inside of the gatefold covers, or on the custom innersleeves. This led to some occasional confusion amongst listeners about precisely what was being sung, particularly on the song "One More Red Nightmare." The first printing of the lyrics would occur 26 years after the album's initial release, on the 2000 '30th Anniversary Edition' release.

Professional ratings

Review scores
Source	Rating
AllMusic	[13]
Christgau's Record Guide	A–[14]
Classic Rock	[15]
Mojo	[16]
Pitchfork	9.0/10[17]

Released in October 1974, Red spent only one week on the British charts, at No. 45, whereas all the band's previous studio albums had reached the Top 30. In the United States, it reached No. 66 on the Billboard 200. However, it remained a popular album with fans and critics.

Retrospective reviews were resoundingly positive. In theirs, AllMusic declared Red to be weaker than its two predecessors, but nonetheless a superlative work: "few intact groups could have gotten an album as good as Red together. The fact that it was put together by a band in its death throes makes it all the more impressive an achievement."[13] Robert Christgau also applauded the album, having been generally critical of the group's past work, calling it "Grand, powerful, grating, and surprisingly lyrical" and commenting that "this does for classical-rock fusion what John McLaughlin's Devotion did for jazz-rock fusion."[14] Classic Rock reviewer considered Red "a walk down a lightless corridor and an unhappy and ferocious counterbalance to the frolics of King Crimson's beginnings", and described it as "dark, brooding and laden with heavily distorted sections and a decidedly melancholic vibe".[15]

Like most of King Crimson's catalogue, Red has been re-released numerous times since its release. First issued on CD in 1986, it has also been released as part of the Definitive Edition and 30th Anniversary Edition series. In 2009, Red was chosen, alongside In the Court of the Crimson King and Lizard, to launch the 40th Anniversary Edition series. As part of this series, each album is presented in a CD/DVD-A package, with new stereo and 5.1 surround mixes. Unlike most others in series, however, Red launched with no new stereo mix. In 2013, Steven Wilson and Robert Fripp produced a stereo remix for The Road To Red, and this mix was issued separately as part of a 2CD package.

In 2001, Q magazine named Red as one of the "50 Heaviest Albums of All Time"[18] and Pitchfork ranked Red number 72 in its "Top 100 Albums of the 1970s" list, stating that "For a band that was very obviously about to splinter, King Crimson's music sounds remarkably of a single mind. On Red, they achieved a remarkable balance between bone-crushing brutality and cerebral complexity."[19] Kurt Cobain had reportedly cited the album as a major influence.[20][21]

"Red" was covered by Canadian rock band Glueleg in their 1994 debut Heroic Doses, with this version featuring saxophone and trumpet.[22] "Red" was also ranked as the twentieth best progressive rock song of all time by PopMatters[23], as well as number 87 in Rolling Stone's list of "The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs".[24] Additionally, "Red" has been considered an influence on avant-garde metal.[25]

Musicologists Eric Tamm and Edward Macan both consider Red, particularly the track "Starless", to be the highlight of King Crimson's recorded output. "Starless" is played over the opening titles of the 2018 horror film Mandy.

Red — original vinyl release

2009 40th Anniversary edition

n.b. see the related release The Road to Red for further 40th anniversary edition track listings.

2013 2-CD edition

2019 streaming release

King Crimson – production, arrangements

• Robert Fripp – electric guitar (1–5), acoustic guitar (2), Mellotron (2,5)
• John Wetton – bass (1–5), vocals (2–3, 5)
• Bill Bruford – drums (1–5), percussion (3–5)

Former King Crimson personnel

• David Cross – violin (4), Hohner pianet (4–5)
• Mel Collins – soprano saxophone (5)
• Ian McDonald – alto saxophone (3,5)

Additional personnel

• Mark Charig – cornet (2)
• Robin Miller – oboe (2)
• uncredited – cello (1-2, 5)[26], double bass (5)[27]
• George Chkiantz – recording, engineering
• Rod Thear – recording, assistant engineering
• Chris, Tex, Harvey and Peter Walmsley – equipment
• John Kosh – cover
• Gered Mankowitz – photography

• Macon, Edward L. (1997). Rocking the classics: English progressive rock and the counterculture. Oxford and New York: Oxford University. ISBN 0-19-509887-0.
• Tamm, Eric (2003) [1990]. Robert Fripp: From crimson king to crafty master (Progressive Ears ed.). Faber and Faber (1990). ISBN 0-571-16289-4. Zipped Microsoft Word Document. Archived from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2012.

• Keeling, Andrew (2007). King Crimson: Red: An Analysis by Andrew Keeling.

• Red at Discogs (list of releases)