Rajkumar (actor)

Singanalluru Puttaswamy Muthuraj (24 April 1929– 12 April 2006),[2] known mononymously by his stage name Rajkumar, was an Indian film actor and playback singer in the Kannada cinema. Widely acclaimed as one of the greatest actors in the history of Indian cinema[3] and a versatile actor,[4][5] he is considered a cultural icon and holds a matinée idol status in the Kannada diaspora,[6][7] among whom he is popularly adulated as Nata Saarvabhouma (emperor of actors), Bangarada Manushya (man of gold), Vara Nata (gifted actor) and Rajanna / Annavru (elder brother, Raj).[8][9] He was honoured with the Padma Bhushan in 1983, several national and state awards. His films have been remade more than 50 times in various languages—32 movies have been remade 54 times in 7 languages.[10] On the Centenary of Indian cinema in April 2013, Forbes included Rajkumar's performance in the film Bangaarada Manushya on its list of 25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema.[11] Upon his death, The New York Times had described him as one of India's most popular movie stars.[12]

This article is about the Kannada actor. For Indian actor in Tamil films, see Rajkumar (Tamil actor).

Padma Bhushan

Rajkumar
Born
Singanalluru Puttaswamy Muthuraj

(1929-04-24)24 April 1929
Gajanur, Erode then part of Coimbatore district, Madras Presidency, India
Died12 April 2006(2006-04-12) (aged 76)
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
MonumentsKanteerava Studios
Occupation
  • Actor
  • singer
Years active1954–2005
MovementGokak agitation[1]
Spouse(s)
Parvathamma (m. 1953)
Children5, including Shiva, Raghavendra, Puneeth
Relativessee Rajkumar family
Awards

Rajkumar entered the film industry after his long stint as a dramatist with Gubbi Veeranna's Gubbi Drama Company, which he joined at the age of eight before he got his first break as a lead in the 1954 film Bedara Kannappa.[9] He went on to work in over 210 films essaying a variety of roles and excelling in portraying mythological and historical characters in films such as Bhakta Kanakadasa (1960), Ranadheera Kanteerava (1960), Satya Harishchandra (1965), Immadi Pulikeshi (1967), Sri Krishnadevaraya (1970), Bhakta Kumbara (1974), Mayura (1975), Babruvahana (1977) and Bhakta Prahlada (1983).[13]

Trained in classical music during his theatre days, Rajkumar also became an accomplished playback singer. He mostly sang for his films since 1974. The songs "Yaare Koogadali", "Huttidare Kannada", "Hey Dinakara", "Hrudaya Samudra", and "Naadamaya" became widely popular. For his rendition of the latter song, he was awarded the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer. Well known for his highly disciplined and simple lifestyle in both personal and professional fronts, Rajkumar was also an avid Yoga, Pranayama, and Carnatic music performer. In 2000, he was kidnapped from his farmhouse at Gajanur by Veerappan and was released after 108 days.[14] He died of cardiac arrest at his residence in Bangalore on 12 April 2006 at the age of 76.[15]

In his film career, Rajkumar received eleven Karnataka State Film Awards, including nine Best Actor and two Best Singer awards, eight Filmfare Awards South, and one National Film Award.[16] He holds the record of receiving Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada and Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor the highest number of times. He received the NTR National Award in 2002. He was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Mysore,[17] and is a recipient of the Padma Bhushan (1983)[18] and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award (1995) for lifetime contribution to Indian cinema.[19] A mega icon and a socio-cultural symbol of Kannada,[20] he has been credited for putting the Kannada cinema on the national map.[21] His 1986 movie Anuraga Aralithu was the first Indian movie to be remade in six other languages.[22]

Early life

Rajkumar was born on 24 April 1929 in Gajanur, a hamlet in Talavady Taluk in the erstwhile Madras Presidency (in present-day Erode district, Tamil Nadu). His father, Puttaswami, and mother, Lakshmiamma were impoverished theatre artists from Singanallur.[9] Puttaswami good at playing roles such as Kamsa, Ravana, and Hiranyakashipu. Rajkumar left school at eight and was later discovered by film producers, who cast him in bit roles that he played till he was 25.[9] At birth, he was named Muthuraju, after the Muthaththi Raya (a name for the Hindu deity Hanuman), which is a temple deity located in Muthathi, a settlement on the banks of river Kaveri in present-day Karnataka.[8]

Before acting in what would become his first film as a lead; Bedara Kannappa in 1954, Rajkumar appeared as a child artist in the 1942 film Bhakta Prahlada in a small role and had also appeared in the 1952 movie Sri Srinivasa Kalyana as Sage Agasthya—one of the Saptarishi (seven sages). It was an insignificant role in which his scene was over even before he recognized himself.[23]

Career

As actor
Main article: Rajkumar filmography

Rajkumar started his career with his father in a troupe led by Gubbi Veeranna.[24] In 1953, he was spotted by film director H. L. N. Simha, who was on the lookout for well-built, pleasant-faced Bedara Kannappa.[7] Simha eventually signed him for the film and named him "Rajkumar".[24]

He acted only in Kannada apart from Sri Kalahastiswara Mahatyam in Telugu, a remake of Bedara Kannappa. He acted in 206 movies, excluding his guest appearances.[25] He owned a production company called Sri Vajreshwari Combines under the banner Dakshayani Combines. Bhaagyada Baagilu was his 100th film,[26] Devataa Manushya was 200th film and Shabdavedhi was his last film.[27]

His character depictions ranged from love to double and triple roles, from action and mythological characters to portrayals of contemporary social causes in the span over five decades.[9] Rajkumar along with his contemporaries Udaya Kumar and Kalyan Kumar was referred as the "Kumara Thrayaru" of Kannada cinema. He acted in 36 films with Udaya Kumar and in 5 films with Kalyan Kumar.[28] The films presented a populist version of Karnataka's history, focusing on the southern kingdoms from the Vijayanagara Empire and later to the intrigue and mystery of the Mysore royalty.[29]

He made historical movies such as Ranadheera Kanteerava and Kaviratna Kalidasa. He made movies from Kannada novels and made movies against perceived social evils such as "Jeevana Chaitra" on evils of drinking and Shabdavedhi on drug abuse.[30] He acted with heroines of southern cinema such as Jayanti (36 films),[31] Pandaribai (18 films), Leelavathi (28 films), Bharati (28 films), Kalpana (19 films), Aarathi (13 films), B. Saroja Devi (10 films), Harini (11 films), Krishna Kumari (8 films), Madhavi (7 films), Manjula (7 films), Jayamala (6 films), Lakshmi (5 films), Geetha (5 films), Saritha (5 films) and Jayaprada (4 films).[32] Bollywood actress Rekha made her debut in Operation Jackpotnalli CID 999 with him. He acted for south Indian directors from B. R. Panthulu and Puttanna Kanagal to Shankar Nag and T. S. Nagabharana. Chi. Udaya Shankar has written dialogues and songs for 85 of his movies.

Rajkumar was the first Indian artist to enact the role of James Bond in Jedara Bale.[33] Later, in Operation Jackpotnalli CID 999, Goadalli CID 999 and Operation Diamond Racket he played roles chronicling the adventures of Prakash aka Agent CID 999, a James Bondesque superspy.[34] Much of these films were made from the directing pair of Dorai and Bhagwan who began making spy flicks relatively late in their career, including Operation Diamond Racket.[35]

Rajkumar's famous 1971 hit Kasturi Nivasa was colorized and released in 2014. Even close to a decade after his death, the movie garnered a grand opening with the actor life size cutout being immersed in milk. The colorized release also performed well at the box office over taking other Kannada movies released at the time.[36]

In his obituary, Rediff.com wrote, "It was his subtle acting, spontaneous style and his flair for giving reel characters real credibility that helped him survive the onslaught of time, age and changing demands of the celluloid world. Despite his box office success, Rajkumar, a strong advocate of Kannada, confined himself to the Kannada film world."[37]

Alluding to his acting skills, famed Bollywood actor Anil Kapoor remarks "He was not just Dr Rajkumar. He is the emperor Dr Rajkumar—emperor of all actors."[38]

As singer

Rajkumar trained in classical music when he was with Gubbi Veeranna's theatre troupe.[39] The track "Om Namaha Shivaya" from the 1956 film Ohileshwara, that he also starred in, was his first for a film. He subsequently sang "Thumbithu Manava", a duet with S. Janaki, for the movie Mahishasura Mardini (1959). However, he became a full-fledged singer only in 1974 when he sang in place of P. B. Sreenivas for Sampathige Savaal,[8] who had till then sung for most songs picturised on Rajkumar, fell ill. Rajkumar sang the "energetic" "Yaare Koogadali" for the film which became widely popular during the time and is considered one of his best songs.[40]

Rajkumar has been credited for having sung across various genres and each rendition according to the mood of the scene in the film. In "Yaaru Tiliyaru Ninna" for Babruvahana (1977), a prosodic form of Kannada poetry that required the tone to be a combination of sarcasm and anger, he blended the "twin skills of theatrics and music". For Nee Nanna Gellalare (1981), he sang two songs—"Jeeva Hoovagide" and "Anuraga Enaytu"—beginning both with the refrain "I love you", that is "full of Carnatic gamakas". After the same tone in the refrain, they "take on a life of their own", with the form according to "love and happiness" in the scene and the latter when there is "love, but a discord" in the scene.[39] He is known widely for his rendition of "Nadamaya" for Jeevana Chaitra (1992), a song based on the raga of Todi and "with complex graces and strings other ragas as it progresses. He switches ragas with ease, and sings complex swara patterns like a professional classical artiste." For the rendition, he was awarded the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer.[41] His frequent collaboration with the composer duo of Rajan–Nagendra gave musical hits such as Bangarada Hoovu (1967), Nyayave Devaru (1971), Swayamvara (1973), Sri Srinivasa Kalyana (1974), Nanobba Kalla (1979) and Chalisuva Modagalu (1982).[42]

Rajkumar's duets mostly recorded with S. Janaki and Vani Jairam. Other female singers who sang with him are P. Susheela, Bangalore Latha, K. S. Chitra, Manjula Gururaj, B. R. Chaya, Kasturi Shankar, Rathnamala Prakash, Sulochana and others.

During his career, Rajkumar sang and performed for songs about Kannadigas, the Kannada language and culture, such as "Jenina Holeyo" from Chalisuva Modagalu, "Maanavanagi Huttidmele" from Jeevana Chaitra and "Huttidare Kannada" from the film Aakasmika. He sang a complete English song called "If You Come Today" ("Tick Tick Tick") in one of his Bond films—Operation Diamond Racket in 1978. This song became an internet meme in India following Rajkumar's demise in 2006.[35]

In later years, he lent his voice to a few actors and sang background solos. For the song Deepavali Deepavali,[43] from Muddina Maava, he provided playback to S. P. Balasubrahmanyam.[44] This was a rare occasion. He sang Kalidasa shlokas such as "Maanikya Veena" and ghazal-based songs such as "Sadaa Kannale", "Kanneera Dhaare" and "Yaava Kaviyu".

Devotional songs

Rajkumar recorded many devotional songs beginning in the 1970s for Columbia Recording Company starting with "Mantralayakke Hogona" in 1972. His widely popular LP record "Guruvara Bantamma" was also recorded during the time.[45] In 1979, Sangeetha Cassettes became India's first licensed pre-recorded cassettes. Rajkumar sang for the record producers devotional songs glorifying the saint Raghavendra and the Hindu deity Hanuman.[45][46]

Personal life

Family

At the age of 24, Rajkumar married his 14-year-old cousin, Parvathamma, on 25 June 1953 in Nanjangud.[47] It went ahead in accordance to the agreement that their fathers made following the latter's birth. Together, they had five children; sons Shiva, Raghavendra and Puneeth, and daughters Lakshmi and Poornima. Having lived a "hand to mouth existence" after marriage in a joint family that included 24 children in Madras, the family moved to Bangalore in 1972, after Rajkumar began getting multiple film offers.[48]

Abduction
Main article: Kidnapping of Rajkumar

On 30th July 2000, Rajkumar, his son-in-law Govindaraju and two others were abducted by Veerappan from the actor's palatial house at Gajanur (Erode district of Tamil Nadu). Veerappan demanded the release of his gang members who were being held in jail under a defunct anti-terrorism law. The event prompted a massive manhunt and threw the Karnataka government into crisis. The Supreme Court of India opined that it was "unpardonable" on the part of the government of Tamil Nadu for not providing security to Rajkumar, although they had information a year earlier that he faced a threat of being kidnapped by Veerappan.[49] A Special Task Force (STF) set up to capture Veerapan had earlier warned Rajkumar against visiting the farmhouse, but his son Raghavendra later acknowledged that his father had not taken the threat seriously.[50]

After a total of 108 days in captivity, Rajkumar was released unharmed on 15 November 2000. His abduction and the manner in which his release was secured remains a mystery.[14][46][51]

Death and memorial
Bust of Rajkumar in Jayanagar

On 12 April 2006, Rajkumar returned to his Sadashivanagar residence after his regular 20-minute walk and had a general medical check-up by 11:30 a.m. (IST). At 1:50 pm (IST), as he sat on a sofa, he asked a member of his family to slow the fan down and immediately collapsed. His personal physician Ramana Rao was called for, who rushed within three minutes, and performed external cardiac massage and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Rajkumar was then taken to MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital and was administered intracardiac injections. Efforts to revive him failed and he was pronounced dead at 2:05 pm (IST).[52]

Rajkumar's death triggered an outpouring of grief. There was major shutdown in the city of Bengaluru. An unofficial bandh (closure of all shops and other establishments) was observed. Several people attempted suicide after hearing the news; most of them were rescued. The funeral cortège the next day started from Sree Kanteerava Stadium to Kanteerava Studios a few minutes before 12:30 pm (IST), a distance of 14 kilometres (8.7 mi).[53] Around two million people followed his remains.[15] However, the entire procession was marked with violence with mourners attacking public property, and police, who resorted to lathi-charge and tear gas.[54] Passing through Krishna Raja Circle, Palace Road, T. Chowdiah Road, Sadashivanagar, Yeswanthpur and Goraguntepalya localities, the cortège reached the Studios at 4:45 pm (IST). His body was buried with State honors at 5:45 p.m (IST) at the premises of the studios. The last rites were performed by his eldest son Shiva, guided by priests from the city's ISKCON and the Gayathri Temples.[53] His eyes were donated to two visually impaired persons the same day.[55]

The then President of India, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam had condoled his death. In the condolence message, he had praised his versatility and everlasting contributions to the Indian cinema.[56]

On 19 April, the government of Karnataka announced that a memorial would be made in Rajkumar's honor at Kanteerava Studios in association with the Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce at the cost ₹100 million.[57] The blueprint of the memorial was cleared by a panel comprising members of Rajkumar's family, representatives of the Kannada film industry and the state government.[58] After a delay over allocation of funds and land, it was finally opened in November 2014, after a sum of ₹70 million was used in developing it over an area of 2.5 acres (1.0 ha). It included "an open-air auditorium, mini-water body, landscaping and a bust" of Rajkumar. 40 photographs of selected films of Rajkumar were kept on display at the inauguration.[59] A permanent exhibition on the history of Rajkumar's films that included his photographs, trophies and souvenirs, alongside a stock of dialogue, scripts, songs and other memorabilia associated with him were put on display. An annual calendar for 2012 was released containing photographs of Rajkumar and stills from his films.[60]

Personality

Rajkumar was best regarded by Kannada audiences and the Kannada film industry for being a highly disciplined man in both his personal and professional lives.[61] He practised Carnatic music for an hour each day in the morning and in the evening. He was referred to as Gaanagandharva.[62] His punctuality is another noted aspect. Waking up every morning at 4 am, he performed Yoga and Pranayama, which is said to be the reason behind his physical and mental fitness.[63] His Yoga performances can be seen in the first clips of his film Kaamana Billu.[64] His waist size was 32 at the time of his death. This fitness is attributed to his practice of Yoga.[65]

He shunned smoking and drinking both on screen and off.[9] To avoid setting a precedent among his fans, he made sure that the roles he accepted did not require him to smoke or drink or utter swear words, and extended this decision to real life.[7] His dress code always consisted of a simple white dhoti and shirt. He spent most of his vacations in his hometown, Gajanur, near the forest area where he was later abducted.[66]

He would always refer to his movie-producers as Anna Daataru (food providers) and adored fans as Abhimaani Devarugalu (Fan Gods).[67] He was a devotee of Raghavendra Swami.[68] In 1961, he had lead a movement to collect funds for draught relief.[69]

The Hindu had reported that Rajkumar could have swept any poll effortlessly but had decided that the affection and love of the people should not be used to attain power.[70] It had also reported that Rajkumar declined to enter politics despite immense pressure as he didn't want to be used only as a weapon to defeat anyone and not for any positive contribution.[71] He shunned publicity and politics all his life.[72]

Amitabh Bachchan had praised Rajkumar's simplicity and his ability to perform any role to perfection.[73] Girish Kasarvalli had praised his simplicity, humility, innocence and straight-forwardness.[74]

During the interview for promotions of 2.0, Rajinikanth had said that 10 MGRs were equal to 1 Rajkumar.[75][76] He has also remarked that the only autograph he has ever taken in his life is of Rajkumar.[77] Rajinikanth had also said that Rajkumar was a combination of MGR and Sivaji Ganesan.[78]

Political analyst MK Bhaskar Rao had revealed that the Janata Party's J. H. Patel and George Fernandes had approached Rajkumar to contest against Indira Gandhi in the 1978 Chikkamagaluru Lok Sabha byelection but he refused saying he wanted to remain apolitical.[79]

When Rajkumar completed 200 movies in lead roles in Kannada films, P. Lankesh edited a special issue of Lankesh Patrike in 1988 titled Innooru Chitragala Raja dedicating to him.[80]

Jnanapith awardee U. R. Ananthamurthy had noted that movies of Rajkumar were less melodramatic in comparison to the movies of his counterparts at that time in other languages—MGR, Sivaji Ganesan and NTR.[81]

He was also praised for his ability to integrate the virtues of an actor with the power of a superstar without letting one erase the another by acting as a gulf between the mainstream popular movies and the artistic cinemas.[82] It was also noted that it was his subtle acting prowess , spontaneous style and his flair to give the reel characters a real credibility which singled him out to the top and helped him to never be out of the running by withstanding the onslaught of time , age and the ever changing demands of celluloid world.[83]

Veteran journalist and writer Patil Puttappa had described Rajkumar as a natural strength of Kannada whose mass appeal was much more than any leader in Indian politics.[84] He was also praised for confining himself to the Kannada cinema through a conscious decision.[85]

His movies were praised for showing consistent interest in building a Kannada society and not a Kannada nation as such.[86] His presence was reported to have filled the void between the state and the nation which neither the literateurs nor the politicians could accomplish.[87] He was also credited for protecting and promoting the Kannada language without opting for a political career.[88] He was considered as a strong symbol of Kannada identity.[89] He had even refused to appear in a cameo for Amitabh Bachchan's 1983 Hindi movie Coolie.[90]

In spite of having appeared only in Kannada movies, he was reasonably popular amongst the non- Kannadigas too.[91] His films have inspired many non-Kannadigas to learn the language.[92]

It was reported that before linguistic reorganization of the states, the default state border for the Kannada speaking population was the last point where Rajkumar films were distributed.[93]

As of April 2016, 71 books and 9 souvenirs have been published on Rajkumar.[94]

Kannada language movement
Main article: Gokak agitation

Although Rajkumar rejected numerous offers[95] to don the political mantle, he was able to influence the State's political fortunes without ever being officially involved in politics. However, his apolitical outlook did not prevent him from protecting and espousing the cause of Kannada and Karnataka.[7] He had time and again advocated the cause of seeking primacy to Kannada,[96][97]</ref> and hence was asked to lead a movement about making Kannada a compulsory language for primary education based on the "Gokak report", popularly known as Gokak varadhi. He became actively involved in the movement and soon became the force behind the Gokak movement. He took a rally from Belagavi to Bengaluru and gave speeches about the importance of Kannada Gokak agitation. Millions of people gathered only to have a glimpse of Rajkumar and listen to his speech. The movement became such a rage that the government relented and made Kannada a compulsory language of education in Karnataka.[7]

Awards and honours
Stamp of Dr. Rajkumar in 2009

Rajkumar was awarded numerous State, National and International awards. He was a recipient of the Padma Bhushan, a doctorate from Mysore University and the Karnataka Ratna, the highest civilian honour of the State of Karnataka, recognising him as a Jewel of Karnataka State. In 1985, he was honored by a famous Kentucky colonel award by the then-governor of Kentucky, United States. By this, he became the only Indian actor to receive this prestige from the state of Kentucky, USA. In 1995, he received the prestigious Dadasaheb Phalke Award for his outstanding contributions to the Kannada film industry. In 2011, during the 83rd birth anniversary of Rajkumar, the Chief Minister of Karnataka announced that the state government is recommending Rajkumar for a Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award of the country for his outstanding contribution to the film industry.[98] He was reported to be the first actor whose first movie itself won the National Award for Best Picture ( Certificate of Merit).[99] He was also the first actor in Kannada film industry to complete 100 movies in lead roles.[100]

International Recognition
  • Kentucky Colonel, an honorary order from the governor of Kentucky, United States in 1985.[101]
  • The British daily newspaper The Guardian had praised him for his subtle acting and described him as a humble, modest being who was a symbol of Kannada consciousness.[102]
  • New York-based American newspaper The New York Times had described him as " an epitome of good character not just in movies but also in real life".[12]
  • The California-based daily newspaper East Bay Times had praised him for never having smoked cigrettes on screen and never playing a drunkard after his early days.[103]
  • The Washington, D.C.-based American media organization NPR had called him " a role model, community leader and an aesthete".[104]
  • British broadcaster BBC had called him an Indian film legend who was one of the best-loved figures in southern India.[105]
  • The British news publisher The Independent called him one of India's best-loved actors and the biggest star the Kannada film industry has ever produced.[106]

National Level Recognition

Recognition by the State
  • Rajyotsava Award in 1973.
  • Karnataka Ratna in 1992 and Title: Nata Saarvabhouma in 1967 from the Government of Karnataka.[112]
  • An honorary Doctorate from the Mysore University[17] in 1976.
  • The Nadoja Award, an honorary Doctorate from Hampi University in 1999.[113]
  • A 6-kilometre (3.7 mi) road is named Dr. Rajkumar road.[114] The road stretches from the government soap factory in Yeshwanthpur to Prasanna theater, Magadi road in Bangalore.
  • He was felicitated by the Karnataka State Government on completion of 50 years in the Kannada film industry for his rich contributions to the celluloid world.[115][97]
  • The Karnataka State Government had prescribed his biography and contributions to Kannada cinema for its Class V students and a mention of his contributions to Kannada culture for its Class VI students.[116]

Filmfare Awards South

Rajkumar holds the record of winning eight South Filmfare Awards in the Best Actor category in Kannada cinema.[117]

Below is the films for which he received the Best Actor awards include:

  1. Gandhada Gudi in 1973[118][119]
  2. Mayura in 1975[120]
  3. Shankar Guru in 1978[121]
  4. Keralida Simha in 1981[122]
  5. Shravana Banthu – 1984
  6. Ade Kannu – 1985
  7. Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma – 1986[123]
  8. Aakasmika in 1993[124]

Total of 8[117] Filmfare awards for best actor category.

Karnataka State Film Awards
  • Rajkumar has won 11 Karnataka State Film Awards (9 for best actor, 2 for best singer)
Best Actor
Best Singer

Other awards and honours
  • More than 1,100 statues of Rajkumar are placed in Karnataka. A statue in the Mayura touch placed in Kurubarahalli is worth 10 million rupees.
  • Vishwa Maanava named by Kannada poet Kuvempu
  • ETV Kannadiga of the Year Award in 2003

Sarthaka Suvarna

In July 2005, the government of Karnataka captioned by N. Dharam Singh, the Chief Minister of Karnataka conducted a felicitation ceremony for honoring Rajkumar for his (50 years of) service to Karnataka at Bangalore Palace named Sarthaka Suvarna (Significant Gold). This ceremony was attended by the entire Kannada film industry marking respect and tribute to the legend, and could be called an official celebration of Golden Jubilee of Rajkumar's works and services to the Kannada film industry.[125] A Biography on Rajkumar, written by A.N.Prahlada Rao, was released on the occasion.[126]

See also

References
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  2. Singh, Kuldip (13 April 2006). "Rajkumar — Demigod of southern Indian film". The Independent. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  3. "Here are some must-watch iconic films of Dr Rajkumar". Deccan Herald. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  4. http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/not-just-a-star-an-icon/2354/
  5. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kannada-actor-Rajkumar-dies-of-heart-attack/articleshow/1487948.cms
  6. Katakam, Anupama (8 December 2000). "The eternal Kannada icon". Frontline. Bangalore.
  7. Sharma, Ravi (5 May 2006). "Pride of Kannada". Frontline. Bangalore.
  8. "Nata Saarvabhouma Dr Rajkumar no more". Deccan Herald. 12 April 2006. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013.
  9. "Rajkumar, Beloved Indian Film Star, Dies at 77". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  10. "ರಾಜ್‌ ಹಬ್ಬ: ವರನಟನ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಕನ್ನಡಿ". Udayavani.
  11. "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema | Forbes India". Forbes India. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  12. Rai, Saritha (13 April 2006). "Rajkumar, Beloved Indian Film Star, Dies at 77" – via NYTimes.com.
  13. "Rajakumar, king of Kannada cinema". Rediff.com. 12 April 2006. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  14. Times of India – Total recall of 109 days of kidnap drama. The Times of India.indiatimes.com (29 July 2001).
  15. Deccan Herald News Service – Eight deaths and a funeral. Deccan Herald. (14 April 2006).
  16. "40th National Film Festival" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. dff.nic.in. pp. 49–50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  17. "Google doodles legendary Kannada actor Dr. Rajkumar on 88th birth anniversary". Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  18. "Padma Awards Directory(1954–2009)" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  19. "Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners". Film Federation of India. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  20. "Exploring a phenomenon called Annavaru". Bangalore Mirror.
  21. "100 Years of Cinema: From actors to demigods; the first superstars of cinema". News18. 2 March 2013.
  22. "Not Rajinikanth or Amitabh Bachchan, Rajkumar's film was first to be remade in 6 languages in India". newsable.asianetnews.com.
  23. "YouTube".
  24. "Dr. Raj Kumar | Gubbi Karnataka Films | Bedara Kannappa | Shabda vedhi | ನಟಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮ 'ರಾಜ್' ಐದನೇ ಪುಣ್ಯತಿಥಿ". Kannada.webdunia.com. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  25. Seetalabavi, Editors; P. Nayak, M. Swarnasetu 2014: ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಪತ್ರಿಕೆ KKNC Annual Publication (in Kannada). RG Kannada e-Publisher. p. 44.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
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